Is there an ending e? What endings are there? Roots and affixes

Termination or inflection(lat. flixio- bending) is a significant part of the word that changes and is formative. The ending serves to connect words in a sentence or phrase and indicates the relationship between words, expressing grammatical meaning.

The grammatical meaning of the endings of different parts of speech.

1. Noun . Noun endings

   river - rivers - rivers

2. Adjective . Endings of adjectives indicate their number, case and gender:

   beautiful - beautiful - beautiful

3. Numeral . Endings of numerals indicate their case and number:

   second - second - second

4. Verb . Verb endings Present and future tenses indicate person and number:

   read - reads

   The endings of past tense verbs indicate their number, person and gender:

   Looked - looked - looked - looked

5. Pronoun. Pronoun endings indicate first of all the case, then the number and gender, if any:

   he - his
   yours - yours - yours - yours

6. Participle . Participle endings indicate number, gender and case:

   read - read - read

The ending is exceptional formative morpheme, which does not give the word any additional meaning.

The endings can be materially expressed or zero.

Zero ending- this is the ending of modified words, which is not expressed by sounds during pronunciation and letters in writing, but at the same time conveys a certain grammatical meaning. The zero ending can be an indicator of a certain gender or case, for example:

• Nominative and accusative case of nouns. 3 declensions singular: daughter, oven, mother, rye;
• Nominative case of nouns m.r. 2 declination singular (for inanimate - nominative and accusative case): friend, chair, reeds;
• Genitive case of plural nouns of different genders: countries, soldiers, windows;
• Short forms singular m.r. adjectives and participles: cheerful, readable, kind.
• Nominative case of possessive adjectives m.r. units: brothers, mother, fox;
• Imperative mood verbs in singular: watch, teach, watch;
• Indicative and subjunctive mood of singular verbs. m.r.: wrote - would write; looked - would have looked; walked - would walk.

There are unchangeable words and forms of words that do not have endings and a system of grammatical properties. These words and forms include:

Indeclinable nouns, usually of foreign origin: taxi, coat

Possessive pronouns that denote belonging to a third person: her, him, them

Indeclinable adjectives: burgundy, khaki

Adverbs

Such words have connections with other words using semantic relations, and the zero ending is not indicated in writing in any way.

In most concepts, a morpheme is considered an abstract linguistic unit. The specific implementation of a morpheme in a text is called morphois or (more often) morph.

Moreover, morphs representing the same morpheme may have different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.

Variation in the expression plan of a morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N. V. Pertsov) to conclude that a morpheme is not a sign, but a class of signs.

Thus, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term “morpheme” is often used in the meaning morph" and that "sometimes such indistinction in word usage even penetrates into published scientific texts" N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the vast majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morph or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is being discussed.”

Classification of morphemes

Roots and affixes

Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) And affixal (affixes) .

Root- the main significant part of the word. The root is an obligatory part of any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root, such as the Russian “you-nu-t (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word either accompanied by affixes or independently.

Affix- an auxiliary part of a word, attached to the root and used for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot form a word on their own - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not isolated, occurring only in one word.

Classification of affixes

Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. The most common types of affixes in the world's languages ​​are: prefixes, located in front of the root, and postfixes, located after the root. The traditional name of the Russian language prefixes is consoles. The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys the lexical meaning, and sometimes expresses the grammatical meaning (for example, the aspect of verbs).

Depending on the meaning expressed, postfixes are divided into suffixes(having a derivational, that is, word-formative meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a connection with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-modifying affixes. The traditional name for inflections in the Russian language is graduation, since they are mainly located at the very end of words.

There are languages ​​(Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. Some other languages ​​- for example, Swahili of the Bantu family, (Central Africa) - use prefixes and almost no postfixes. In the Indo-European languages, to which the Russian language belongs, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear advantage towards the latter.

In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:

• interfixes- service morphemes that do not have their own meaning, but serve to connect roots in complex words (for example, forehead- O-shaked);
• confixes- combinations of prefix and postfix, which always act together, surrounding the root (as, for example, in the German word ge-lob- t - “praised”);
• infixes- affixes inserted into the middle of the root; serve to express a new grammatical meaning; found in many Austronesian languages ​​(such as Tagalog: sumulat"to write", cf. sulat"letter");
• transfixes- affixes, which, breaking the root, consisting of only consonants, themselves break and serve as a “layer” of vowels among the consonants, determining the grammatical meaning of the word (found in Semitic languages, in particular in Arabic). IN Arabic there are very few vowels, there are only 3 of them, since the language is consonantal:

Akbar- biggest. Kabir- big. Kibar- big.

Literature

• A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics
• Modern Russian language (edited by V. A. Beloshapkova)

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.:

Synonyms

See what “End” is in other dictionaries: END, endings, Wed. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the performance to end. 2. Final part literary work . The ending of the novel is in the next book of the magazine. The ending follows... ...

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary Synonym dictionary

Ending- the final part of a work printed in an issue (number, volume) of a serial publication, which was published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this publication. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

ending- ENDING, consummation, completion, end, ending FINAL, final, last, book. definitive END / END, come to an end / come to an end, come to an end / come to an end, end / end, end / end,... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

In the verse see clause...

Same as flexion... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ENDING, I, Wed. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of something. Prosperous Fr. stories. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case o. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ending- radio channel The physical location of the radio equipment antenna (ITU R F.1399). Topics: telecommunications, basic concepts Synonyms of radio channel EN radio termination ...

Technical Translator's Guide ENDING - (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, in both Latin and Greek...

ending Terms of botanical nomenclature - wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end continuation, modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approaching / moving away (not)… …

Verbal compatibility of non-objective names Noun, s., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? endings, what? ending, (see) what? ending with what? ending, about what? about completion; pl. What? ending, (no) what? endings, what? endings, (see) what? endings, what? endings, oh...

Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

• Books

End of time. The future of humanity. Conversations with David Bohm, Krishnamurti Jiddu, Bom David. Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) is one of the most prominent spiritual teachers of the 20th century, a man who abandoned the role of the messiah out of love for truth, which he called “a country without roads.” David Bohm...

The peculiarity of adverbs in the Russian language is that this part of speech does not change in numbers, gender and cases. In addition, adverbs do not have endings - the role of the final part of the word is played by suffixes. The article describes the rules for writing final suffixes of adverbs with examples.

Do adverbs have endings?- This is an unchangeable part of speech. It is not conjugated or inflected by gender, number or case. Unlike other independent parts of speech, adverbs have no endings.

The characteristic morphemes that stand out at the end of adverbs are suffixes: -o, -e, -a, -i, -u, -yu, -i and a zero suffix.

Examples: cheerful O, soft e, askance A, simply at, locked up And, etc. b.

Spelling of final suffixes of adverbs

Difficulties arise when writing suffixes in some adverbs.
The table shows the most common rules regarding controversial issues.

Suffix	Rule	Examples	Exceptions
	in adverbs with prefixes in-, on-, for-	tightly, before dark, together
	under stress after sibilants	good, hot, fresh
	in some dialects with prefixes in-, on-	first, ready, alone
	in an unstressed position after sibilants	stronger, more intimidating, simpler
	In some adverbs with prefixes by-, with-, co-	simply, equally, foolishly
	in adverbs with prefixes to-, from-(-is), with-(co-)	enough, again, occasionally	thoroughly, reliably, sufficiently, exquisitely, exhaustively, tolerably, condescendingly
Soft sign	after the hissing ones h And w	gallop, exactly, completely	already, married, unbearably, wide open

Article rating

Average rating: 4.2. Total ratings received: 42.

Read it. Do you understand what idea is expressed in this sentence?

Daughter_listening_mom_.

Let's add parts to the words.

Daughter A listening no mom at.

Daughter at listening no mom A.

Daughter And listening ut mom at.

This part of the word that contributed its meaning is called the ending.

In order to connect words with each other in speech, we change their.

The part of the word that changes is this is the ending.

The ending is usually found at the end of the word after the root or suffix. It is distinguished by an icon that looks like a rectangular frame.

So, ending- this is a variable part of a word, with the help of which words are associated with each other.

Since the ending is the variable part of the word, the word needs to be changed.

Let's take the floor table.

It can be changed by numbers and by question commands (cases). We will highlight the part of the word that has changed.

In a word table the ending is first “invisible” and then appears; highlight the “invisible” ending with an empty frame. He is called zero ending.

So, to find the ending, the word needs to be changed by numbers or by the command of one or two questions.

Let's find the endings in the words: house, big, painted. To do this, let's change the words by numbers and by command of one or two questions.

We changed the words. In variations of the same word, only the endings are different, other parts are the same. The meaning conveyed by the ending is said to be: ending value.

For example, let's read words with a plural meaning. ( Houses, houses, big, paint, paint). The endings -a, -ov, -ie, -yat, -im indicated it.

Scientists named the meaning of the ending grammatical(from the Greek “gram” - “letter”)

Imagine that you are sculpting from plasticine. You can first make one figure from one piece, and then crush it and mold another. In your hands, a piece of plasticine changed its shape every time form.

We do the same with words when we use them in speech. The word can change, or, as scientists say, change your shape.

Every change in a word is its form. Forms of the same word often differ endings.

Let's look at the words: paint, paint, repaint, paint.

Are these changes to one word or different words?

The ending of the words is the same - -ish.

These words differ in their basics. These are different words.

The part of a word without an ending is called the stem of the word. The base is separated from the ending on the letter by an icon.

The word will help you understand this name (base) basic.

Each word has its own meaning, its own meaning. It is stored primarily in root. The meaning of the root can be supplemented by the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.

The meaning of the word is basic, which distinguishes it from other words. Therefore, that part of it that conveys meaning is called basis words.

The meaning of a word, which is conveyed by its stem, is called: meaning of stem words. Scientists called the meaning of the base lexical(from the Greek “lexis” - “word, speech”).

Let's compare the words. Which column contains different words, and which column contains changes in the form of one word?

1. birch

on a birch

under the birch

birch trees

2. birch

birch forest

birch

boletus

In the first column, the words differ in endings.

The basis of the words is the same (berez-).

When the endings are different, they are forms of the same word.

In the second column, the words have different stems (birch-, birch-, birch-, boletus-).

When words have different stems, they are different words.

These words have the same root, since they have the same root (-birch-) and the words are close in meaning.

Initial form of the word:

Read the text and find the forms of one word.

The crane is the tallest bird. The legs are long, the neck is long. The nose is long too. And the voice is loud - you can hear it three kilometers away.(According to N. Sladkov)

length s(which?)

length and I(which?)

length th(Which?)

These are forms of one word, since the endings are different.

One of the forms of the word is initial.

Every word has a first initial form, from which its changes begin. The word is usually named after it.

The initial form of the adjective answers the question which?

Which? - long, stentorian. These adjectives are in the initial form.

The initial form of a noun is the singular form. numbers that answer the questions who? or what? There are never any excuses with her.

Who? - crane, bird, what? - neck, nose, voice

The initial form of the verb answers the question: what to do? or what to do? To put a verb into its initial form, you need to execute the command of one of these questions.

What to do? - hear.

We put the words in the initial form:

Let's put the words in their initial form. First, let's ask a question and determine the part of speech.

Behind the porch - behind what?, noun, what? - porch.

Blue - which one?, adj. name, which one? - blue.

Invents - what does he do?, verb, what to do? - invent.

Will come up with - what will he do?, verb, what to do? - come up with.

You might be interested to know that not all words have endings.

For example, nouns that do not change have no endings: subway, coat, cinema, piano, highway and others.

Verbs in the initial form do not have endings. What to do? jump, carry, bake. What to do? write, bring, bake.

And other words that you will become familiar with in high school.

If you liked it, share it with your friends:

Join us onFacebook!

See also:

Preparation for Russian language exams:

In addition to the usual variable words in the Russian language, there are words without endings. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as gerunds and adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.

The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, and case. Usually the ending stands at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may appear in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed by number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.

What words don't have an ending?

In the Russian language there are two types of parts of speech - independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech; they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts of speech. That's why they have graduations. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but they do not change over the course of historical circumstances and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.

To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black) that complements the unchangeable word.

Unchangeable words also include those borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, puree. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-meaning words - quickly, highly. In such words, the last letter “o” is often mistakenly considered to be the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The gerund, like everyone else, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: having restrained, having read.

Words ending in zero

Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to number, case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases zero endings. In its initial form there is no ending.

The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending when the form was changed, under the influence of cases and number. Col, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and fell out of use, and words began to be written without it.

Words without endings in borrowed words

Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native words, for example, lie, safari, madam. But many such words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end; they are often perceived as endings. In fact, the entire word is the basis that we encounter almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. Illiterate speaking: playing the piano, grandmother with a coat, a roll with coffee.

Examples of words without endings

Below are words that do not have endings:

1. Magneto.
2. Veto.
3. Sushi.
4. Variety show.
5. Bungalow.
6. Balance.
7. Libretto.
8. Milady.
9. Casino.
10. Pony.
11. Indigo.

Words without a part of the word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings when declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word “piano” is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word has night, with plural the ending “and” appears - night.