What is nobility, definition according to history. Who are the nobles? Titled and untitled nobility

The nobility in Russia arose in the 12th century. as the lowest part of the military service class, which made up the court of a prince or a major boyar.

Code of laws Russian Empire defined the nobility as a class, belonging to which “is a consequence flowing from the quality and virtue of the men in command in ancient times, who distinguished themselves by merit, by which, turning the very service into merit, they acquired the noble name for their offspring. Noble means all those who are born from noble ancestors , or granted this dignity by monarchs."

The word "nobleman" literally means "a person from the princely court" or "courtier". The nobles were taken into the service of the prince to carry out various administrative, judicial and other assignments. In the system of European ideas, the top of the Russian nobility of that time is a kind of analogue of the viscountcy.

The strengthening of the Russian nobility in the period of the XIV-XVI centuries occurred mainly due to the acquisition of land under the condition of military service, which actually turned the nobles into suppliers of feudal militia by analogy with Western European knighthood and the Russian boyars of the previous era. The local system, introduced with the aim of strengthening the army in a situation where the level of socio-economic development of the country did not yet allow centrally equipping the army (unlike, for example, France, where kings from the 14th century began to attract knighthood to the army on the terms of monetary payment, initially periodically, and from the end of the 15th century - on a permanent basis), turned into serfdom, which limited the flow of labor into the cities and slowed down the development of capitalist relations in general.

In 1722, Emperor Peter I introduced the Table of Ranks - a law on the procedure for civil service, based on Western European models

• According to the Table, the granting of old (boyar) aristocratic titles ceased, although they were not formally abolished. This was the end of the boyars. The word "boyar" remained only in popular speech as a designation for an aristocrat in general and degenerated to "barin".
• Nobility as such was not the basis for holding a rank: the latter was determined only by personal service. “For this reason, we do not allow anyone of any rank,” wrote Peter, “until they show us and the fatherland any services.” This caused indignation among both the remnants of the boyars and the new nobility.

The privileges of the nobility are enshrined and legally codified by the “Charter Granted to the Nobility of 1785.” The main privilege: the nobility is exempt from compulsory public service (in fact, from any obligations to the state and the monarch).

Classification

During its heyday, the nobility was divided into:

Titled nobility - princes, counts, barons.

Hereditary nobility - nobility passed on to legal heirs.

Personal nobility - nobility received for personal merit (including upon reaching grade 14 in the civil service), but not inherited. It was created by Peter I with the aim of weakening the isolation of the noble class and giving people of the lower classes access to it.

Acquisition of nobility

Hereditary nobility

Hereditary nobility was acquired in four ways:

by granting it at the special discretion of the autocratic government;

ranks in active service;

as a result of awards for “service distinctions” by Russian orders;

descendants of particularly distinguished personal nobles and eminent citizens

One of the main ways of acquiring nobility is the acquisition of nobility by service. Previously, a professional military man who entered the service of one or another prince automatically became a nobleman.

In 1722-1845, hereditary nobility was given for the length of service of the first chief officer rank of rank at military service and the rank of collegiate assessor in civil and when awarded any order of the Russian Empire, since 1831 - with the exception of the Polish order Virtuti militari.

In 1845-1856 - for service to the rank of major and state councilor, and for awarding the Orders of St. George, St. Vladimir, all degrees and first degrees of other orders.

In 1856-1900, nobility was given to those who had risen to the rank of colonel, captain 1st rank, or actual state councilor.

It was permissible to apply for the grant of hereditary nobility if the father and grandfather of the applicant had personal nobility, having served it in the ranks of chief officers. The right to acquire hereditary nobility by the descendants of personal nobles and eminent citizens remained until the beginning of the 20th century. The article of the law on the receipt of hereditary nobility by a son upon reaching the age of majority and entering the service if his grandfather and father were “unimpeachably” in the service in ranks that brought personal nobility for at least 20 years each, was repealed by the Decree of May 28, 1900. The Laws on Estates of 1899 edition did not contain the previously valid provision that if eminent citizens - grandfather and father - “retained their eminence without blemish,” then their eldest grandson could apply for hereditary nobility, subject to his unblemished service and reaching the age of 30.

In 1900-1917, the qualifications for orders increased - hereditary nobility under the Order of St. Vladimir could only be obtained starting from the 3rd degree. This restriction was introduced due to the fact that the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, received massive complaints based on length of service and for charitable donations.

Personal nobility

Personal nobility, without extending this title to offspring, was acquired: *by grant, when a person was elevated to the nobility personally not by order of service, but by special highest discretion;

ranks in service - in order to obtain personal nobility according to the Manifesto of June 11, 1845 "On the procedure for acquiring nobility through service" it was necessary to rise to active service: civil - to the rank of 9th class, military - the first chief officer rank (14th class ). In addition, persons who received the rank of 4th class or colonel not in active service, but upon retirement, were also recognized as personal and not hereditary nobles;

by the award of the order - upon the award of the Order of St. Anne II, III and IV degrees after July 22, 1845, St. Stanislav II and III degrees after June 28, 1855, St. Vladimir IV degrees after May 28, 1900. Persons of merchant rank granted by Russians orders between October 30, 1826 and April 10, 1832, and the Order of St. Stanislaus from November 17, 1831 to April 10, 1832, were also recognized as personal nobles.

Personal nobility was passed on by marriage from husband to wife, but was not communicated to children and offspring. The rights of personal nobility were enjoyed by widows of clergymen of the Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian confession who did not belong to the hereditary nobility.

Transfer of hereditary nobility by inheritance

Hereditary nobility was passed on through inheritance and through marriage through the male line. Each nobleman passed on his title of nobility to his wife and children. A noblewoman, marrying a representative of another class, could not transfer the rights of nobility to her husband and children, but she herself remained a noblewoman.

The extension of noble dignity to children born before the grant of nobility depended on the “highest discretion.” The issue of children born before their fathers received a rank or order, which gave the right of hereditary nobility, was resolved in different ways. By the highest approval of the opinion of the State Council of March 5, 1874, the restrictions concerning children born in a taxable state, including those born in a lower military and working rank, were abolished.

Privileges of the nobility

The nobility had the following privileges:

right of ownership of inhabited estates (until 1861),

freedom from compulsory service(in 1762-1874, later all-class conscription was introduced),

freedom from zemstvo duties (up to 2 half of the 19th century century),

the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions,

law of corporate organization.

Each hereditary nobleman was recorded in the genealogical book of the province where he had real estate. According to the Highest Decree of May 28, 1900, the inclusion of landless nobles in the provincial genealogical books was granted to the assembly of leaders and deputies of the nobility. At the same time, those who did not have real estate were entered into the register of the province where their ancestors owned the estate.

Those who received nobility directly through a rank or award were entered into the register of the province they wished to go to, even if they did not have any property there. This provision existed until the Decree of June 6, 1904 “On the procedure for maintaining genealogical books for nobles who were not recorded in the genealogical books in the provinces,” according to which the herald master was entrusted with maintaining a genealogical book common to the entire empire, where nobles who did not own real estate began to be entered or who owned it in provinces where there were no noble institutions, as well as those who acquired the rights of hereditary nobility of Jews who, on the basis of the Decree of May 28, 1900, were not subject to inclusion in the provincial noble genealogical books.

Personal nobles were not included in the genealogical book. Since 1854, they, along with honorary citizens, were recorded in the fifth part of the city philistine register.

Nobles had the right to carry a sword. The title “your honor” was common to all nobles. One of the privileges that belonged exclusively to hereditary nobles was the right to have a family coat of arms. Coats of arms were approved for each noble family by the highest authority and then remained forever (changes could be made only by special highest command). The general armorial of the noble families of the Russian Empire was created by the Decree of January 20, 1797. It was compiled by the Department of Heraldry and contained drawings and descriptions of the coats of arms of each family.

(Illustration: Kustodiev B.M. On the terrace. 1906)

NOBLEMAN m. noblewoman f. nobles plural initially courtier; a noble citizen in the service of the sovereign, an official at court; this title has become hereditary and means noble by birth or rank, belonging to the granted, upper class, which alone was granted the ownership of populated estates and people. An ancestral, native nobleman, whose ancestors, for several generations, were nobles; pillar, ancient family; hereditary, who himself, or his ancestor in a recent generation, has earned the nobility; personal, having earned the nobility for himself, but not for his children. | Vologda. nobleman, acceptance, vlazen, an adult guy taken into the house, esp. haunted son-in-law. | At weddings, the boyars, poezzhans, and all the guests are called nobles, as if they today constitute the court of the young, the prince and princess. Neither a merchant, nor a nobleman, but a master of his house (deed, word). In Rus', a nobleman is one for many. The nobleman will not dishonor, even if his little head perishes. The nobleman is not rich, but he is not traveling alone. It’s impossible to be a nobleman, but I don’t want to live as a peasant. Not a Novgorod nobleman, you can go yourself. The devils do not touch the nobles, and the Jews do not touch the Samaritans. Jews do not touch Samaritans, and men do not touch nobles. Our lay people are nobles by birth: they don’t like work, but they don’t mind going for a walk. Where the nobles go, the laity go. The nobleman m. mockingly, young nobleman. Nobleman, noble son. Noble, belonging to, characteristic of the nobles, relating to them, composed of them, etc. Noble family. Certificate of nobility. Noble regiment, abolished. The assembly of the nobility in the provinces is general, for elections and important matters; parliamentary, where only leaders and deputies gather to account for zemstvo expenses and resolve matters. The noble son looks full and eats little. A noble son is like a Nogai horse: when he dies, even if he shakes his leg, he does not abandon his lordly ways. Noble dish: two mushrooms on a plate. Noble service, red need, about the ancient military. service. The arrogance is noble, but the mind is peasant. The arrogance of a nobleman, but the mind of a peasant. An honorable ring on a noble hand. Nobility Wed. class of nobles, their society. | Rank, dignity of a nobleman. Nowadays the rank of colonel is given by hereditary, and other ranks by personal nobility. Happiness is not the nobility, it is not determined by birth. By the liberty of the nobility, from the manifesto of Peter III. To be a nobleman, to show off, to look important and show off. To become a nobleman, to break into a lordly manner, to pretend to be a nobleman, a master, Noblesome, eager to become a nobleman, to become a nobleman. Dvorobrod m. dvorobrodka w. Kolobrod, connecting rod, beggar or yard-washer vol. yard m. To yard, to beg in the yard, to beg in the yards, to beg. Nobility, pre-marketing cf. this occupation, this trade.

Nobility in Russia- an estate that arose in the 12th century in Rus', and then, gradually changing, continued to exist in the Russian kingdom and the Russian Empire. In the 18th and early 20th centuries, representatives of the noble class determined the development trends of Russian culture, socio-political thought, and made up the majority of the country's bureaucratic apparatus. After February Revolution The nobility in Russia disappeared forever as a class and completely lost its social and other privileges.

Nobility in Rus'

The nobility in Russia arose in the 12th century. By the beginning of the century, the princely squad, which previously represented a single service corporation, broke up into regional communities. Only a part of the warriors were constantly in the service of the prince. In the 12th century they began to organize themselves into princely courts. The court, like the squad in former times, consisted of two groups: the older (boyars) and the younger (nobles). The nobles, unlike the boyars, were directly connected with the prince and his household.

Since the 14th century, nobles received land for their service. In the XIV-XVI centuries, the strengthening of the position of the Russian nobility occurred primarily due to the acquisition of land under the condition of military service. A layer of landowners appeared. At the end of the 15th century, after the annexation of the Novgorod land and the Tver principality, the vacated lands of local patrimonial lands were distributed to nobles on the condition of service. With the introduction of the manorial system, the legal basis of which was enshrined in the Code of Laws of 1497, the nobles turned into suppliers of feudal militia, which the boyars had previously been.

In the 16th century, nobles were often called “serving people for the fatherland.” At that time, the noble class had not yet developed in Russia, so the nobles represented only one of the privileged strata of Russian society. The highest stratum of the ruling class were the boyars. The boyar stratum included members of only a few dozen aristocratic families. A lower position was occupied by the “Moscow nobles”, who were part of the sovereign’s court. Throughout the 16th century, the size of the court and its role increased. The lowest rung of the hierarchical ladder was occupied by “urban boyar children.” They united into a county noble corporation and served “from their county.” The tops of the emerging noble class were united by the sovereign's court - a single national institution that was finally formed by the middle of the 16th century. The court included “children of the boyars” - “nobles”, they were appointed to military and administrative positions. In the middle and second half of the 16th century, these were “boyar children” only of North-Eastern Rus'. Thus, the position of the “children of the boyars” varied in different territories.

In February 1549, speaking at the first Zemstvo Council, Ivan IV the Terrible outlined a course towards building a centralized autocratic monarchy based on the nobility as opposed to the old boyar aristocracy. The following year, a selected thousand Moscow nobles were endowed with estates in a zone of 60-70 km around Moscow. The Service Code of 1555 actually equalized the rights of the nobles with the boyars, including the right of inheritance.

The Council Code of 1649 secured the right of nobles to perpetual possession and indefinite search for fugitive peasants. This inextricably linked the noble stratum with the emerging serfdom.

Russian nobility inXVIIIcentury

In 1722, Emperor Peter I introduced the Table of Ranks - a law on the procedure for civil service, based on Western European models. The granting of old aristocratic titles was stopped - this put an end to the boyars. From that time on, the word “boyar”, later changed to “master”, began to be used only in common parlance and meant any aristocrat in general. Nobility ceased to be the basis for conferring a rank - priority was given to serviceability. “For this reason, we do not allow anyone of any rank,” Peter I emphasized, “until they show us and the fatherland any services.” Back in 1721, the emperor granted the right to nobility to all officers and their children. The table of ranks gave the right to public service, and therefore to the nobility, to representatives of the merchant class, townspeople, commoners, and state peasants. A division into hereditary and personal nobility was introduced. The number of nobility fit for service was determined through inspections of adult nobles and minors, which often took place under Peter I. The Heraldry, established in 1722, was in charge of keeping records of nobles and their service.

Under Peter I, most of the nobles were illiterate. Under the threat of a ban on marriage and enlistment as soldiers, the emperor sent them to study abroad. At the same time, a system of domestic noble educational institutions was taking shape. The Engineering School in Moscow and the Artillery School in St. Petersburg (1712), the Naval Academy (1715), the Engineering School in St. Petersburg (1719), the Cadet Corps (1732, from 1752 - the Land Noble Cadet Corps), the Naval Noble Cadet Corps were established (1752), Page Corps (1759), Artillery and Engineering Cadet Gentry Corps (1769). In the second half of the 18th century, nobles began to send their children to be raised in noble boarding schools. To prepare for the civil service, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (from 1844 - Aleksandrovsky), the School of Law (1835) and other institutions were opened in 1811. Many children continued to be educated at home with tutors.

For some time, nobles were obliged to serve for life from the age of 15. In 1736, service was limited to 25 years; in 1740, nobles were given the opportunity to choose between civil and military service. In 1762, with the Manifesto on the Freedom of the Nobility of Peter III, the obligation to serve was abolished, although it was restored the following year by Catherine II, who came to power. In 1785, with the adoption of the “Charter of Grant to the Nobility,” this obligation was again abolished. Freed from compulsory public service, the nobles were essentially freed from any obligations to the state and the monarch. At the same time, nobles received the right to leave Russia and enter foreign service. The formation of a layer of local nobility began, permanently residing on their estates. The nobles began to gradually withdraw from participation in political life; many were engaged in industry and trade, and ran various enterprises. By decree of 1766, the Institute of Leaders of the Nobility was established.

Already in the 18th century, the nobility began to play a key role in the development of secular national culture. By order of the nobles, palaces and mansions were built in large cities, architectural ensembles on estates, and works of painters and sculptors were created. Theaters and libraries were under the care of the nobles. Most of the prominent writers and composers of the Russian Empire came from the nobility.

Russian nobility inXIX- beginningXXcentury

In the first half of the 19th century, nobles played a leading role in the development of social thought and the activities of social movements in the Russian Empire. The range of their views was extremely wide. After Patriotic War In 1812, republican sentiments began to spread among the nobility. The nobles joined Masonic and secret anti-government organizations, in 1825 they formed the majority among the Decembrists, then prevailed in the ranks of Westerners and Slavophiles.

In the 19th century, the nobles continued to lose contact with the land; the most important and often the only source of income for the nobility was salaries. In local government bodies and zemstvos, the nobles retained leading positions - thus, the district leaders of the nobility actually headed the district administrations. After the peasant reform of 1861, the socio-economic position of the nobility weakened. The area of ​​land owned by the nobles decreased by an average of approximately 0.68 million dessiatines per year. Agrarian crisis late XIX centuries and the development of capitalism in Russia worsened the position of the nobles. Counter-reforms of the 1880s-1890s again strengthened the role of the nobility in local government. Attempts were made to support the economic situation of the nobles: in 1885, the Noble Bank appeared, which provided them with loans on preferential terms. Despite this and other supporting measures, the number of landowners among the nobility was declining: if in 1861 landowners made up 88% of the entire class, then in 1905 - 30-40%. By 1915, small-scale aristocratic land ownership (and it constituted the overwhelming majority) had almost completely disappeared.

In 1906-1917, the nobles accepted Active participation at work State Duma, while being in different political parties. In 1906, the local nobles united in political organization“United Nobility”, which defended the historically established privileges of the nobility and local land ownership.

After the February Revolution, the nobility ceased to play an independent political role, despite the fact that its representatives were part of the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution of 1917, estates in the RSFSR were liquidated by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee “On the destruction of estates and civil ranks” of November 10, 1917. The Decree on Land, adopted on November 8 of the same year, deprived the nobles of land ownership. A significant part of the nobles emigrated from the country during the Revolution and Civil War. Under Soviet rule in the 1920s and 1930s, many people from the nobility were persecuted and repressed.

Classification and numbers

The nobility was divided into ancient (descendants of ancient princely and boyar families), titled (princes, counts, barons), hereditary (nobility passed on to the legal heirs), pillar, placeless (received without allocating and securing lands) and personal (received for personal merits, including upon reaching grade 14 in the civil service, but not inherited). Personal nobility was introduced by Peter I in order to weaken the isolation of the noble class.

Among the hereditary nobility, differences remained between titled and untitled nobles (the latter constituted the majority). The “pillar” nobles, who could prove more than a century of antiquity of their family, were held in high esteem. Most titles did not formally give the holders special rights, but in fact contributed to their career advancement.

In 1782, there were over 108 thousand nobles in Russia, which accounted for 0.79% of the population. After the adoption of the “Charter of Grant to the Nobility,” their number increased significantly: in 1795, there were 362 thousand nobles in the Russian Empire, or 2.22% of the population. In 1858, there were 609,973 hereditary nobles and 276,809 personal and official nobles in the country, in 1870 - 544,188 and 316,994, respectively. According to data from 1877-1878, there were 114,716 noble landowners in the European part of Russia. In 1858, hereditary nobles made up 0.76% of the population of the Great Russian provinces of the Russian Empire. This was two times less than in the then Great Britain, France, Austria and Prussia.

As the borders of the Russian Empire expanded, the nobility grew with an increasing number of heterogeneous elements. The Moscow Great Russian nobility was joined by the Baltic nobility, the Ukrainian Cossack nobility of the annexed provinces, the Polish and Lithuanian gentry, the Bessarabian nobility, the Georgian, Armenian, foreign nobility, the Finnish knighthood, the Tatar Murzas. In terms of property, the nobility was also not homogeneous. In 1777, 59% of the estate was made up of small-land nobility (20 male serfs each), 25% - average nobility (from 20 to 100 souls), 16% - large-land nobility (from 100 souls). Some nobles owned tens of thousands of serfs.

Acquisition of nobility

Hereditary nobility was acquired in four ways: 1) by grant at the special discretion of the autocratic government; 2) ranks in active service; 3) as a result of an award for “service distinction” by Russian orders; 4) descendants of particularly distinguished personal nobles and eminent citizens. Basically, nobility was acquired through service. In 1722-1845, hereditary nobility was given for service to the first rank of chief officer in military service and the rank of collegiate assessor in civilian service, as well as when awarded any of the Russian orders (since 1831 - except for the Polish Order Virturi Militari); in 1845-1856 - for service to the rank of major and state councilor, and for awarding the Orders of St. George, St. Vladimir of all degrees and first degrees of other orders; in 1856-1900 - for length of service to the rank of colonel, captain of the 1st rank, actual state councilor. Since 1900, according to the Order of St. Vladimir, hereditary nobility could only be obtained starting from the 3rd degree.

A personal title of nobility was assigned at the highest discretion. It extended to the spouse, but was not passed on to offspring. The rights of personal nobility were enjoyed by widows of clergymen of the Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian confession who did not belong to the hereditary nobility. To obtain personal nobility, one had to either serve in civilian active service to the rank of 9th class (titular councilor) or in the military - to the rank of 14th class, that is, first chief officer, or receive the Order of St. Anne II, III and IV degrees (after 1845), St. Stanislaus II and III degrees (after 1855), St. Vladimir IV degrees (1900).

Descendants of personal nobles who had served “unimpeachably” in the ranks for at least 20 years had the right to apply for hereditary nobility until May 28, 1900, when the corresponding article of the law was repealed.

Hereditary nobility was transmitted by inheritance and as a result of marriage through the male line, but a female noblewoman who married a non-nobleman could not transfer noble rights to her spouse and children born in marriage, although she herself continued to remain a noblewoman. The extension of noble dignity to children born before the granting of nobility depended on the “highest discretion.” In 1874, all restrictions concerning children born in a taxable state were abolished.

Privileges of the nobility

At different periods of time, the Russian nobility had the following privileges: 1) the right to own inhabited estates (until 1861); 2) freedom from compulsory service (until the introduction of all-class military service in 1874); 3) freedom from zemstvo duties (until the second half of the 19th century); 4) the right to enter the civil service and study in privileged educational institutions; 5) the right of corporate organization. Each hereditary nobleman was entered in the genealogical book of the province where he had real estate. Those who did not have real estate were entered into the books of the provinces where their ancestors owned estates. Those who received nobility through a rank or award of an order themselves chose the province in whose book they would be included. This could be done until 1904. Personal nobles were not included in the genealogical book - in 1854 they were recorded in the fifth part of the city philistine register along with honorary citizens.

The title “your honor” was common to all nobles. There were also family titles: baronial (baron), count ("your honor"), princely ("your excellency") and so on. The serving nobles had titles and uniforms corresponding to their ranks in the civil or military department, while the non-serving nobles wore the uniforms of the provinces where they had estates or were registered. Every nobleman had the right to wear a sword. The privilege of hereditary nobles was the right to a family coat of arms. The coat of arms of each noble family was approved by the highest authority, its appearance it could not be changed without a special highest command. In 1797, the General Arms Book of the noble families of the Russian Empire was created, which contained drawings and descriptions of the coats of arms of various families.

Until 1863, one of the privileges of the nobles was the inability to subject them to corporal punishment, either in court or while in custody. In the post-reform period, this privilege became simply a right. The Laws on Estates, issued in 1876, contained an article exempting nobles from personal taxes. In 1883, after the abolition of the poll tax under the Law of May 14, 1883, this article was no longer needed, and it no longer appeared in the 1899 edition.

In those distant times, when Russia was ruled by princes, the emergence of privileged layers - the noble and boyar classes - was a natural process. At first, their representatives were mainly vigilantes. What both classes had in common was that they were part of the circle of those whom the prince trusted most and on whom he could rely. But not everyone understands who the nobles are and how they differ from the boyars.

The origin of the class

Based on data that has come down from time immemorial, it can be assumed that the birth of the boyar class occurred at the beginning of the 9th century. For the next six centuries it occupied a leading position in feudal society.

In the historical document “Laurentian Chronicle” there is such a term as “nobles”. The so-called ones, compiled around the 12th-13th centuries, already give detailed description of who the nobles were.

What kind of people are these?

From the moment of its appearance until the end of the 12th century, there was a rule: the prince made the decision who from his entourage was able to wear honorary title"boyar". The prince could entrust control of his army to such a lucky man. Also, the boyar was given the opportunity to dispose of the land, which became property, inherited as, so to speak, a military trophy of the prince.

Depending on their position and influence, the boyars were divided into two categories:

• the very rich - senior boyars;
• the less rich are representatives of the younger squad.

The first acquired a small army - a squad, which they often abused, competing with each other and even with the prince. The highest-ranking boyars sat in the Duma. The prince was forced to listen to their weighty opinion when issues of national importance or litigation were being resolved. The prince valued the boyars and nobles, but they regularly quarreled with each other.

The younger boyars were appointed by the prince to various important positions: falconer, groom, treasurer, steward, butler, etc. For this they received a salary - “for feeding.”

The term “nobleman” is obviously associated with service at the princely court, which consisted of carrying out various kinds of orders regarding military, financial or economic matters. The representative of the junior squad was given this right. As a reward for faithful service and valor during hostilities, the nobleman received an allotment of land along with the peasants. Since the 15th century, the title of nobility becomes inherited. At the same time, the land allocated for use also passed to the heirs. Who the nobles are is learned in high school.

The boyar class lost its dominant position in the 17th century. The beginning of this process was the reforms of Peter I. On the contrary, the nobles received more privileges thanks to the manifesto of Peter III and the charter of Catherine, respectively, in 1762 and 1785.

boyars and nobles

The nobles of the 17th century enjoyed a special position, as the boyar class was losing its position. But, despite this, it is worth noting the differences between the boyars and the nobles:

1. Boyars were equated with large feudal lords. They owned land, which was supposed to be passed on by inheritance. Nobles who served the prince or senior boyar did not have such a right until the 14th century.
2. If the boyar is free to choose which prince to serve, then the nobleman depended on the will of the owner.
3. For a long period of time the boyars played important role in state affairs, while the nobles had such an opportunity with the accession of Peter the Great.

From the article you learned who the nobles were and what position they occupied during the reign of princes and kings.

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Books

• Nobles-philanthropists, V. S. Poroshin. Noble benefactors: The Legend of V. S. Poroshina U 251/209 U 202/672 U 330/103 F 22/200: St. Petersburg: Typ. Imp. acad. nauk., 1856: Reproduced in the original author’s spelling...
• Noble benefactors, Poroshin. Noble benefactors: a legend / V. S. Poroshina: In the printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1856: V. S. Poroshina Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1856 edition...