The category of solidarity plays important role both in socialist political theories and Catholic social teaching.

The foundations of solidarity differ in different societies. In “simple” societies it may be based primarily on kinship ( kinship) and shared values. In more complex societies There are a variety of theories that address the question of what contributes to the creation of a sense of social solidarity.

Solidarity is also one of the six principles of the European Union Charter of Human Rights, and 20 December each year is the International Day of Human Solidarity, recognized by the UN.

Emile Durkheim

• Definition: It is a social cohesion based on the interdependence of individuals in more advanced societies.

Although individuals perform different tasks and are bearers of different values ​​and interests, order in society and social solidarity in it are built on their mutual trust in carrying out specific tasks. The word "organic" here denotes the interdependence of the constituent parts. Thus, in more complex societies, social solidarity is maintained through the interdependence of their constituent parts (that is, farmers produce the food that feeds the factory workers, who produce the tractors and other machinery that allows farmers to produce food).

Peter Kropotkin

The connection between the biological and the social was of central importance to the idea of ​​solidarity formulated by the anarchist ideologue and former prince Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921). In his most famous book, Mutual Aid as a Factor in Evolution (1902), written partly in response to Henry Huxley's "social Darwinism", Kropotkin explored the use of cooperation as a survival mechanism in both human societies and various stages their development, as well as among animals. According to his views, mutual assistance, or cooperation, within one form or another was an important factor in the evolution of social institutions. Solidarity is vital to mutual aid; activities aimed at supporting other people should not stem from an expectation of reward, but from an instinctive sense of solidarity.

In the introduction to the book, Kropotkin wrote: “The number and importance of the various institutions of Mutual Aid which have developed in humanity, thanks to the creative genius of the savage and semi-savage masses, during the very early period tribal life, and even more so subsequently - during the next period of the village community, as well as the enormous influence that these early institutions had on the further development of mankind, right up to the present time, prompted me to extend the scope of my research to later historical times; in particular, I focused on the most interesting period - the medieval free city-republics, the ubiquity and influence of which on our modern civilization is still not sufficiently appreciated. Finally, I have also tried to point out briefly the enormous importance of the habit of mutual support, which is inherited by humanity over an extremely long period of its development, which plays even now in our modern society, although it is thought and said that it rests on the principle: “Everyone for himself, and the state for all,” a principle that human societies have never fully followed, and which will never be brought into fruition.” Kropotkin advocated alternative economic and social systems that would be coordinated through a horizontal network of volunteer associations and in which goods would be distributed according to the physical needs of the individual rather than according to the labor performed.

In philosophy

Solidarity is an emerging concept in modern philosophy: it is the object of study in various fields of ethics and political philosophy.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Jary, David (1991), Collins Dictionary of Sociology, Glasgow: Harper Collins, p. 774, ISBN 0-00-470804-0

For further reading

• Ankerl, Guy: Toward a Social Contract on Worldwide Scale: Solidarity Contract. Geneva, ILO, 1980, ISBN 92-9014-165-4

Excerpt characterizing Solidarity

The Countess remained in the village, and the Count, taking Sonya and Natasha with him, went to Moscow at the end of January.

Pierre, after the matchmaking of Prince Andrei and Natasha, without any obvious reason, suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing his previous life. No matter how firmly he was convinced of the truths revealed to him by his benefactor, no matter how joyful he was during that first time of infatuation. internal work self-improvement, which he devoted himself to with such fervor, after Prince Andrei’s engagement to Natasha and after the death of Joseph Alekseevich, about which he received news almost at the same time, all the charm of this former life suddenly disappeared for him. Only one skeleton of life remained: his home with his brilliant wife, who now enjoyed the favors of one important person, acquaintance with all of St. Petersburg and service with boring formalities. And this former life suddenly presented itself to Pierre with unexpected abomination. He stopped writing his diary, avoided the company of his brothers, began to go to the club again, began to drink a lot again, again became close to single companies and began to lead such a life that Countess Elena Vasilievna considered it necessary to make a stern reprimand to him. Pierre, feeling that she was right, and in order not to compromise his wife, left for Moscow.
In Moscow, as soon as he entered his huge house with withered and withering princesses, with huge courtyards, as soon as he saw - driving through the city - this Iverskaya Chapel with countless candle lights in front of golden vestments, this Kremlin Square with untrodden snow, these cab drivers and the shacks of Sivtsev Vrazhka, saw old Moscow people who wanted nothing and were slowly living out their lives, saw old women, Moscow ladies, Moscow balls and the Moscow English Club - he felt at home, in a quiet refuge. In Moscow he felt calm, warm, familiar and dirty, like wearing an old robe.
Moscow society, everyone, from old women to children, accepted Pierre as their long-awaited guest, whose place was always ready and not occupied. For Moscow society, Pierre was the sweetest, kindest, smartest, cheerful, generous eccentric, absent-minded and sincere, Russian, old-fashioned gentleman. His wallet was always empty, because it was open to everyone.
Benefit performances, bad paintings, statues, charitable societies, gypsies, schools, subscription dinners, revelries, Freemasons, churches, books - no one and nothing was refused, and if not for his two friends, who borrowed a lot of money from him and took him under their custody, he would give everything away. There was no lunch or evening at the club without him. As soon as he slumped back in his place on the sofa after two bottles of Margot, people surrounded him and conversations, arguments, and jokes ensued. Where they quarreled, he made peace with one of his kind smiles and, by the way, a joke. Masonic lodges were boring and lethargic without him.
When, after a single dinner, he, with a kind and sweet smile, surrendering to the requests of the cheerful company, got up to go with them, joyful, solemn cries were heard among the youth. At balls he danced if there was no gentleman available. Young ladies and young ladies loved him because, without courting anyone, he was equally kind to everyone, especially after dinner. “Il est charmant, il n"a pas de sehe,” [He is very cute, but has no gender], they said about him.
Pierre was that retired good-natured chamberlain living out his days in Moscow, of which there were hundreds.
How horrified he would have been if seven years ago, when he had just arrived from abroad, someone had told him that he didn’t need to look for anything or invent anything, that his path had been broken long ago, determined from eternity, and that, no matter how he turn around, he will be what everyone else in his position was. He couldn't believe it! Didn’t he want with all his soul to establish a republic in Russia, to be Napoleon himself, to be a philosopher, to be a tactician, to defeat Napoleon? Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desire to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree of perfection? Didn't he establish schools and hospitals and set his peasants free?
And instead of all this, here he is, the rich husband of an unfaithful wife, a retired chamberlain who loves to eat, drink and easily scold the government when unbuttoned, a member of the Moscow English Club and everyone’s favorite member of Moscow society. For a long time he could not come to terms with the idea that he was the same retired Moscow chamberlain whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago.
Sometimes he consoled himself with thoughts that this was the only way he was leading this life; but then he was horrified by another thought, that so far, how many people had already entered, like him, with all their teeth and hair, into this life and into this club, and left without one tooth and hair.
In moments of pride, when he thought about his position, it seemed to him that he was completely different, special from those retired chamberlains whom he had despised before, that they were vulgar and stupid, happy and reassured by their position, “and even now I am still dissatisfied “I still want to do something for humanity,” he said to himself in moments of pride. “Or maybe all those comrades of mine, just like me, struggled, were looking for some new, their own path in life, and just like me, by the force of the situation, society, breed, that elemental force against which there is no a powerful man, they were brought to the same place as I,” he said to himself in moments of modesty, and after living in Moscow for some time, he no longer despised, but began to love, respect and pity, as well as himself, his comrades by fate .
Pierre was not, as before, in moments of despair, melancholy and disgust for life; but the same illness, which had previously expressed itself in sharp attacks, was driven inside and did not leave him for a moment. "For what? For what? What is going on in the world?” he asked himself in bewilderment several times a day, involuntarily beginning to ponder the meaning of the phenomena of life; but knowing from experience that there were no answers to these questions, he hastily tried to turn away from them, took up a book, or hurried to the club, or to Apollo Nikolaevich to chat about city gossip.
“Elena Vasilievna, who has never loved anything except her body and is one of the stupidest women in the world,” thought Pierre, “seems to people to be the height of intelligence and sophistication, and they bow before her. Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by everyone as long as he was great, and since he became a pathetic comedian, Emperor Franz has been trying to offer him his daughter as an illegitimate wife. The Spaniards send up prayers to God through the Catholic clergy in gratitude for the fact that they defeated the French on June 14th, and the French send up prayers through the same Catholic clergy that they defeated the Spaniards on June 14th. My brother Masons swear on blood that they are ready to sacrifice everything for their neighbor, and do not pay one ruble each for the collection of the poor and intrigue Astraeus against the Seekers of Manna, and are busy about the real Scottish carpet and about an act, the meaning of which is not known even to those who wrote it, and which no one needs. We all profess the Christian law of forgiveness of insults and love for one’s neighbor - the law, as a result of which we erected forty forty churches in Moscow, and yesterday we whipped a fleeing man, and the servant of the same law of love and forgiveness, the priest, allowed the cross to be kissed by a soldier before execution.” . So thought Pierre, and this whole, common, universally recognized lie, no matter how accustomed he was to it, as if it were something new, amazed him every time. “I understand these lies and confusion,” he thought, “but how can I tell them everything that I understand? I tried and always found that deep down in their souls they understand the same thing as me, but they just try not to see it. So it must be so! But for me, where should I go?” thought Pierre. He experienced the unfortunate ability of many, especially Russian people - the ability to see and believe in the possibility of good and truth, and to see too clearly the evil and lies of life in order to be able to take a serious part in it. Every area of ​​labor in his eyes was associated with evil and deception. Whatever he tried to be, whatever he undertook, evil and lies repulsed him and blocked all paths of activity for him. Meanwhile, I had to live, I had to be busy. It was too scary to be under the yoke of these insoluble questions of life, and he gave himself up to his first hobbies just to forget them. He traveled to all sorts of societies, drank a lot, bought paintings and built, and most importantly read.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our website provides data from different sources– encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word solidarity

solidarity in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

solidarity

solidarity, plural no, w. (from Latin solidus - durable) (book).

Active sympathy for someone. opinions or actions, common interests, the same way of acting or believing. May 1st is the day of international militant proletarian solidarity. From economic strikes and solidarity strikes, workers began to move to political strikes: (after January 9, 1905). History of the CPSU(b). The Social Democrats of the Second International basely betrayed the cause of socialism, the cause of international solidarity of the proletariat. History of the CPSU(b). A feeling of solidarity.

Collective responsibility, joint responsibility (right).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

solidarity

ed*, joint.

Active sympathy of some kind. opinions or actions, community of interests, unanimity. International Workers' Day (May Day).

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

solidarity

and. Active sympathy for smb. actions or opinions; community of interests, unanimity.

and. Joint liability (in jurisprudence).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

solidarity

trade union association in Poland, emerged as a movement in 1980. Legalized in April 1989. Member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. The number of St. 2 million members (1992). The governing body is the All-Polish Commission (VK). Until 1990, the leader of Solidarity was L. Walesa. On the basis of Solidarity, political parties were formed - the Agreement of Centrist Forces and the Democratic Union, as well as other parties and movements.

Solidarity (trade union)

"Solidarity"(, full title Independent self-governing trade union "Solidarity",) is a Polish trade union association created in August-September 1980 at the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk. Officially legalized on November 10, 1980. Banned in January 1982. From December 1981 to May 1986 it operated underground. Officially re-legalized in April 1989. It was a mass social movement of anti-totalitarian, anti-communist orientation. It united a variety of political forces - from Catholic conservatives and right-wing liberals to ultra-left socialists and anarchists. In 1989-1990, it carried out a peaceful revolution and dismantled the PUWP regime in Poland. Currently - a trade union in the Republic of Poland. The founder and historical leader of Solidarity is Lech Walesa.

Solidarity

Solidarity- this is unity that gives rise to unity of interests, tasks, standards and mutual understanding, or is based on them. This concept refers to those connections in society that unite people into a single whole. It is used primarily in sociology, as well as in other social sciences or philosophy.

The foundations of solidarity differ in different societies. In “simple” societies it may be based primarily on kinship ( kinship) and shared values. In more complex societies, there are a variety of theories that examine what creates a sense of social solidarity.

Solidarity is also one of the six principles of the European Union Charter of Human Rights, and 20 December each year is the International Day of Human Solidarity, recognized by the UN.

Solidarity (newspaper)

"Solidarity"- a newspaper covering the activities of various trade union organizations that are part of the structure of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR), as well as talking about labor conflicts both in Russia and abroad. The newspaper is the most authoritative source of information in the Russian trade union environment. Circulation in 2011 - 33,000 copies.

Solidarity (village)

Solidarity- village of Yeletsk district, Lipetsk region. Center of the Arkhangelsk rural settlement.

Located on the old part (before the construction of the ring road around Yelets) of the Don highway. Solidarity and Yelets are actually a single settlement: from Yelets you can get to the village by a regular city bus.

It emerged in 1920 as a settlement of the Solidarnost state farm.

Later the official name became village Solidarnost.

In 2000, it became the center of the Arkhangelsk rural settlement, taking over this status from the village of Arkhangelskoye.

Solidarity (bank)

Bank "Solidarity"- Volga commercial bank, created on October 23, 1990, registered with a charter in the State Bank of the RSFSR, headquarters in the city of Samara, since 2014 the bank belongs through OJSC JSCB Probusinessbank → Life financial group. Since November 2015, the Zarubezhenergoproekt and Kranbank sanatoriums from Ivanovo region

Solidarity (Scotland)

Solidarity, full title Solidarity - Scottish Socialist Movement- socialist movement in Scotland, organized by Tommy Sheridan.

The movement was founded by Tommy Sheridan and some of those who left the Scottish Socialist Party with him.

Solidarity (disambiguation)

Solidarity:

• Solidarity is active sympathy for someone's actions or opinions; community of interests, unanimity.
• Solidarity is a Polish trade union and socio-political movement created in 1980.
• Solidarity 80 is a Polish radical trade union founded in 1989.
• Fighting Solidarity is a Polish radical anti-communist organization.
• Solidarity is a South African trade union of white workers and employees.
• Solidarity is a Russian democratic opposition movement.
• Solidarity CJSC - bank for trade union solidarity and social investment, Russian commercial bank
• Solidarity - Russian commercial bank
• Popular Solidarity - mass organization in the GDR, charity organization in Germany
• Workers' Solidarity is an Asturian radical left organization.
• Solidarity is a Ukrainian party.
• Labor Solidarity - Polish Political Party, created by activists of the left wing of the Solidarity trade union movement.

Examples of the use of the word solidarity in literature.

To this, the enthusiastic agitator remarked that it is, of course, calmer and safer to write skeptical articles at home, while others defend the freedom of the world in the square, solidarity peoples and many other good things.

Our closest neighbors were anti-communists, so between the countries of the region there was solidarity, we also enjoyed international support from America, countries Western Europe and Japan.

A common regional currency, whose range is limited to a specific organic society, will allow creative exchange to take place within a specific framework, increasing the sense of economic solidarity.

When the UN General Assembly debated a resolution condemning Israel, Rajaratnam, our foreign minister and an ardent champion of Afro-Asian solidarity, was in her support.

For the sake of a false understanding solidarity Verka also renounced her legal right to command a whole pack of men for one day.

So possessive solidarity, the thought of undivided ownership is not noticeable in Vsevolod’s descendants and between close relatives, cousins ​​and even relatives: despite their close relationship, the Vsevolodovichs are in a hurry to divide their patrimony into separate hereditary parts.

The specific right of testament here indirectly supported the tradition of patrimonial ownership solidarity: maternal kinship, in whose name the spiritual prince Fyodor could be made, could gain an advantage over paternal kinship, moreover, in a descending line, only on the basis of the common patrimonial connection of the Ryazan princes with the Moscow ones as members of one Russian ruling family: would a prince have acted this way? Fedor, if his mother was not the sister of Ivan of Moscow, but of Casimir of Lithuania?

And when Nevyadomsky met Dmitriev in the company of this friend, he - at the same time - did not greet Dmitriev, and in the same way from solidarity Dmitriev did this to a friend.

But corporate solidarity from the time of study it still remained in force between former midshipmen, and therefore Zhitetsky taught Panafidin a short lesson on how to behave more correctly with Reitzenstein: - Less lyricism.

Finally, the starting point of everything - solidarity interests of factory owners and the working population.

Mbida took a deep breath in his chest, about to express solidarity with the Australian, but the man in the uniform looked at him so much that the Cameroonian’s ardor immediately faded.

There were no such forms of manifestation solidarity, to which the Cubans would not be willing to go when it comes to the struggle of the Vietnamese people for their freedom and independence.

Mexico-Cuba relations are, perhaps, a prototype of the relations that Cubans generally strive for in Latin America, is a relationship of friendship, solidarity, strong economic ties, and, if necessary, mutual assistance in defending independence and sovereignty.

Otherwise, I risked not getting to Kurdamir at all - there are no ticket offices here, and you just need to burst onto the bus along with all this cap-bearing mass, but after three unsuccessful attempts I realized that the cap-bearers are steadfastly holding the national solidarity, and besides them, the Azerbaijanis, not a single Russian-looking passenger boarded the three packed buses that left.

Workers from other enterprises and industries helped strikers and locked-out comrades with massive collections of money and sometimes strikes solidarity.

1) Solidarity- interdependence of people. In the sense of solidarity, it is “natural”, with life in society: solidarity in an assembly line system of work. Solidarity is a type of virtue that encourages people to cooperate with each other; with “active” solidarity, some can be happy provided that others are happy, which can only be free if others are free. solidarity is no longer a social fact, a moral value and actions based on like-mindedness, community of interests and shared responsibility. to joint actions is an important element in increasing the effectiveness of business communication.

2) Solidarity - (French solidarite) - community of interests, common understanding of fundamentals. worldview principles, shared responsibility. This concept acquired in Russian. philosophy is of particular importance in connection with the spread of the ideas of socialism in Russia. It is already found in Herzen and the Petrashevites, but it became one of the central categories of social philosophy among the ideologists of populism from the end. 60s XIX century In the views of Lavrov, M.A. Bakunin, L.I. Mechnikov, Kropotkin, Mikhailovsky and other figures of the populist movement, S. is considered as the most important element in the development of the human society, the increase of which leads to progress and general prosperity, and the loss - to mutual struggle for existence, poverty and exploitation. Bakunin, for example, understanding socialism as the coordination of all material and social interests of everyone with the human responsibilities of everyone, considers it in the closest connection with freedom and characterizes the latter as the development and “humanization” of socialism. Lavrov’s understanding of socialism was even broader, to -ry saw it not only among people, but also in the organic world as a whole. Mutual support and S. ensures, he believed, the survival of the species in the fight against other species and is a factor in its progressive development. Human S., having arisen as a continuation and development of S. in the organic world, began to collapse under the influence of individualism and the desire for profit. Personal interest was brought to the fore, which led to a general struggle of all against all. Under these conditions, the teachings of socialism arose, designed to return society to the beginnings of socialism as a means of achieving universal equality and prosperity. Public S., according to Lavrov, is durable when economic competition is eliminated. As a moral task, he put forward the need to develop in himself and in others those “habits of socialism,” without which the implementation of a better social system is completely unthinkable. Mikhailovsky concept "S." closely linked to the concept of “cooperation”. S., he believed, can only exist between people equal in position in society, and such equality is possible only in conditions of simple cooperation, where there is no division of labor between individual members, a common goal causes mutual understanding and, as a result, S. interests and mutual assistance. L.I. Mechnikov introduced the concept of "S." to the very center of his sociological concept, considering the growth of socialism in society as the main driving force of historical progress. Like Lavrov, he believed that S. phenomena already exist in the organic world. “Biology,” he wrote, “studies in the field of flora and fauna the phenomena of the struggle for existence, while sociology is interested only in manifestations of solidarity and unification of forces, i.e. e. factors of cooperation in nature" (Mechnikov L.I. Civilization and great historical rivers. M., 1924. P. 43). Moreover, if Bakunin closely connected S. with freedom, then Mechnikov considered the facts of “forced S.” and “forced S”, connecting them with the level of development of cooperation. The degree of freedom, according to Mechnikov, shows the level of S., being a criterion of progress. According to Mechnikov, society basically goes through the same stages of S. as the organic world as a whole. Forced unions, held together by external coercive force, are replaced by subordinate unions arising as a result of the division of labor, which, in turn, must give way to free unions that unite individuals due to their “conscious desire for S.” In Kropotkin’s works, the term “S. "is found less frequently than among other ideologists of populism, and is usually replaced by the term "mutual assistance", expressing the same content. All this indicates that the concept of "S." is one of the most characteristic in populist sociology and philosophy of history. The original interpretation of S. was given by Levitsky within the framework of his concept of “organic worldview.” It is associated with the “metaphysics of the temporal process,” where S. is considered as a “development factor” that has received highest development in Christianity, which “is the purest expression of solidarity, which has outgrown family, feudal, clan, national and other frameworks” (Fundamentals of an organic worldview. Frankfurt am Main, 1948. P. 150).

3) Solidarity- (Latin solidus - solid) - unity of beliefs and actions, mutual assistance and support, based on a community of interests and the need to achieve common goals. S. becomes a moral requirement for a particular class, nation, their party organizations and unions, an objective need arises for joint action in the name of the decision of the class. historical tasks. Thus, the principle of S. was put forward by the ideologists of the French. bourgeois revolution in the struggle against European feudal reaction. We can especially distinguish national, class, international, and party socialism. The demand for national solidarity comes to the fore in the minds of the people when the struggle against foreign enslavers is waged (Patriotism). In modern under conditions, national S. meets the objective interests of the national liberation movement. National socialism is violated if the bourgeoisie k.-l. countries brings to the fore not national, but their class interests. An example of class solidarity is the joint actions of the working class in the fight against capital. Proletarian socialism is tested and tested during strikes, strikes, armed uprisings, and in international mutual aid among workers. The class system of workers has, in essence, an international character (Internationalism). With the victory of the socialist revolution, class socialism organically merges with the national socialism of the working people, since their class and national interests coincide in these conditions. In certain circumstances, when the tasks of the struggle against big capital can be solved only if a general democratic front is created, democracy will be strengthened between working people of different classes - between the proletariat and the peasantry, the poor strata and the petty bourgeoisie. For the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, not only class but also party solidarity is of great importance - the unity of action within its vanguard, in the ranks of the communist and workers' parties. Joint actions of members communist parties are based on the unity of their convictions and are ensured by the requirement of party discipline. “After the decision of the competent authorities,” said V.I. Lenin, “we all, members of the party, act as” (vol. 14, p. 128). Party socialism presupposes unity of action not only within each communist and workers' party, but also in the relationships between them on an international scale, while maintaining the independence of each individual party.

4) Solidarity- - mutual belonging and its practical implementation.

Solidarity

interdependence of people. In this sense, solidarity is a “natural fact” associated with life in society: for example, solidarity in an assembly line system of work. Solidarity can also be a kind of virtue, a feeling that encourages people to cooperate with each other; It is precisely with such “active” solidarity that some people can be happy only on the condition that others are also happy, that one person can feel free only when others are free. Then solidarity turns out to be no longer so much a social fact as a moral value and actions based on like-mindedness, community of interests and shared responsibility. The desire for solidarity action is an important element in increasing the effectiveness of business communication.

(French solidarite) - community of interests, common understanding of the basics. worldview principles, shared responsibility. This concept acquired in Russian. philosophy is of particular importance in connection with the spread of the ideas of socialism in Russia. It is already found in Herzen and the Petrashevites, but it became one of the central categories of social philosophy among the ideologists of populism from the end. 60s XIX century In the views of Lavrov, M.A. Bakunin, L.I. Mechnikov, Kropotkin, Mikhailovsky and other figures of the populist movement, S. is considered as the most important fact in the development of the human society, the growth of which leads to progress and general prosperity, and loss - to a mutual struggle for existence, poverty and exploitation. Bakunin, for example, understanding socialism as the coordination of all material and social interests of everyone with the human responsibilities of everyone, considers it in the closest connection with freedom and characterizes the latter as the development and “humanization” of socialism. Lavrov’s understanding of socialism was even broader, to -ry saw it not only among people, but also in the organic world as a whole. Mutual support and S. ensures, he believed, the survival of the species in the fight against other species and is a factor in its progressive development. Human S., having arisen as a continuation and development of S. in the organic world, began to collapse under the influence of individualism and the desire for profit. Personal interest was brought to the fore, which led to a general struggle of all against all. Under these conditions, the teachings of socialism arose, designed to return society to the beginnings of socialism as a means of achieving universal equality and prosperity. Social society, according to Lavrov, can only be strong if economic competition is eliminated. As a moral task, he put forward the need to develop in himself and in others those “habits of socialism,” without which the implementation of a better social system is completely unthinkable. Mikhailovsky concept "S." closely linked to the concept of “cooperation”. S., he believed, can only exist between people equal in position in society, and such equality is possible only in conditions of simple cooperation, where there is no division of labor between individual members, a common goal causes mutual understanding and, as a result, S. interests and mutual assistance. L.I. Mechnikov introduced the concept of "S." to the very center of his sociological concept, considering the growth of socialism in society as the main driving force of historical progress. Like Lavrov, he believed that S. phenomena already exist in the organic world. “Biology,” he wrote, “studies in the field of flora and fauna the phenomena of the struggle for existence, while sociology is interested only in manifestations of solidarity and unification of forces, i.e. e. factors of cooperation in nature" (Mechnikov L.I. Civilization and great historical rivers. M., 1924. P. 43). Moreover, if Bakunin closely connected S. with the freedom of man, then Mechnikov considered the facts of “forced S.” and “forced S”, connecting them with the level of development of cooperation. The degree of freedom, according to Mechnikov, shows the level of S., being a criterion of progress. According to Mechnikov, society basically goes through the same stages of S. as the organic world as a whole. Forced unions, held together by external coercive force, are replaced by subordinate unions arising as a result of the division of labor, which, in turn, must give way to free unions that unite individuals due to their “conscious desire for S.” In Kropotkin’s works, the term “S.” "is found less frequently than among other ideologists of populism, and is usually replaced by the term "mutual assistance", expressing the same content. All this indicates that the concept of "S." is one of the most characteristic in populist sociology and philosophy of history . The original interpretation of S. was given by Levitsky within the framework of his concept of “organic worldview.” It is associated with the “metaphysics of the temporal process,” where S. is considered as a “development factor” that received its highest development in Christianity, which “is the purest expression of solidarity that has outgrown family, feudal, clan, national and other frameworks” (Fundamentals of Organic worldview. Frankfurt am Main, 1948. P. 150).

(Latin solidus - strong) - unity of beliefs and actions, mutual assistance and support, based on a community of interests and the need to achieve common goals. S. becomes a moral requirement for a particular class, nation, their party organizations and unions when an objective need arises for joint action in the name of a social class’s decision. historical tasks. Thus, the principle of S. was put forward by the ideologists of the French. bourgeois revolution in the struggle against European feudal reaction. We can especially distinguish national, class, international, and party socialism. The demand for national solidarity comes to the fore in the minds of the people when the struggle against foreign enslavers is waged (Patriotism). In modern under conditions, national S. meets the objective interests of the national liberation movement. National socialism is violated if the bourgeoisie k.-l. countries brings to the fore not national, but their class interests. An example of class solidarity is the joint actions of the working class in the fight against capital. Proletarian socialism is tested and tested during strikes, strikes, armed uprisings, and in international mutual aid among workers. The class system of workers has, in essence, an international character (Internationalism). With the victory of the socialist revolution, class socialism organically merges with the national socialism of the working people, since their class and national interests coincide in these conditions. In certain circumstances, when the tasks of the struggle against big capital can be solved only if a general democratic front is created, democracy can be strengthened between working people of different classes - between the proletariat and the peasantry, the poor strata and the petty bourgeoisie. For the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, not only class but also party solidarity is of great importance - the unity of action within its vanguard, in the ranks of the communist and workers' parties. The joint actions of members of communist parties are based on the unity of their convictions and are ensured by the requirement of party discipline. “After the decision of the competent authorities,” said V.I. Lenin, “we all, members of the party, act as one person” (vol. 14, p. 128). Party socialism presupposes unity of action not only within each communist and workers' party, but also in the relationships between them on an international scale, while maintaining the independence of each individual party.

A sense of mutual belonging and its practical implementation.

In modern language there are many different terms and concepts. But, unfortunately, it is impossible to deal with everyone, because it is simply impossible to know everything. Therefore, this article will tell you what solidarity is and when it is necessary and possible to use this word.

Designation of the concept

It is worth saying that this concept, on the one hand, does not have an exact, single designation, because it can be considered from social, political, legal and other points of view. Generally speaking, it is better to turn to the original source and translate this word from Latin, which will mean “durable.” However, it is quite difficult to draw conclusions from this designation alone. Therefore, it is worth considering this term from different points of view.

Social solidarity

When understanding what solidarity is, it is best to first turn to the concept of “social solidarity”. In this case, it will be much easier to reveal the term itself and everything will become extremely clear. What does this mean? In short, it is the interdependence of people. It is based on the unity of certain actions or beliefs, this certain type mutual assistance and support. People can also be in solidarity with each other if they have one goal that they strive to achieve.

Political component

We can also consider what solidarity is from a political point of view. So, the designation will be very similar. What does the dictionary of political terms tell us in this case? This is the consistency of people in their actions and opinions, mutual assistance and support among one social group. Again, this is done most often to achieve the same goals.

Labor solidarity

So, solidarity: the meaning of the word can also be considered from a labor point of view. There is a concept of conveyor solidarity, when all people standing along one machine perform those functions that are necessary to achieve results in a common cause, thereby helping each other achieve the desired final result. Workers can be in solidarity not only along the same machine, but also in the same work group, company or other labor unit.

Male solidarity

However, there are also such concepts as female or male solidarity. The meaning of the word in this context will be slightly different. This is more of an everyday interpretation of the word. This refers to supporting members of one sex in a particular case, even through deception or some other form of dishonesty towards members of the opposite sex. So, a husband can lie that he spent the evening with a friend and not with his mistress. And the same comrade will confirm this, although it will not be true. This is what they call male solidarity. However, for the sake of truth, it is worth saying that today this concept has become somewhat distorted and can be perceived in a deformed, incorrect meaning.

Solidarity according to Durkheim

The great philosopher and theorist Emile Durkheim spoke about what solidarity is in his works, exploring society and the concept of division of labor. Thus, according to his opinion, solidarity itself is something moral that cannot be explained, observed or measured. He said that this is the highest good, a huge value that can be recognized by all members of one society. In his opinion, there are two types of solidarity - mechanical and organic. Its first type is found in primitive communities, where there was no special division of labor, and members of the same group always performed approximately the same functions. Moreover, everything was regulated by religious, traditional or collective views. The second type - organic solidarity - develops already in industrial society, when each person performs his specific functions, working for the benefit of society as a whole. At the same time, according to the philosopher, the collective pressure on such a person is significantly weakened.

interdependence of people. In this sense, solidarity is a “natural fact” associated with life in society: for example, solidarity in an assembly line system of work. Solidarity can also be a kind of virtue, a feeling that encourages people to cooperate with each other; It is precisely with such “active” solidarity that some people can be happy only on the condition that others are also happy, that one person can feel free only when others are free. Then solidarity turns out to be no longer so much a social fact as a moral value and actions based on like-mindedness, community of interests and shared responsibility. The desire for solidarity action is an important element in increasing the effectiveness of business communication.

Excellent definition

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SOLIDARITY

fr. solidarite) - community of interests, common understanding of fundamentals. worldview principles, shared responsibility. This concept acquired in Russian. philosophy is of particular importance in connection with the spread of the ideas of socialism in Russia. It is already found in Herzen and the Petrashevites, but it became one of the central categories of social philosophy among the ideologists of populism from the end. 60s XIX century In the views of Lavrov, M.A. Bakunin, L.I. Mechnikov, Kropotkin, Mikhailovsky and other figures of the populist movement, S. is considered as the most important factor in the development of the human society, the increase of which leads to progress and general prosperity, and the loss - to mutual struggle for existence, poverty and exploitation. Bakunin, for example, understanding socialism as the coordination of all material and social interests of everyone with the human responsibilities of everyone, considers it in the closest connection with freedom and characterizes the latter as the development and “humanization” of socialism. Lavrov’s understanding of socialism was even broader, to -ry saw it not only among people, but also in the organic world as a whole. Mutual support and S. ensures, he believed, the survival of the species in the fight against other species and is a factor in its progressive development. Human S., having arisen as a continuation and development of S. in the organic world, began to collapse under the influence of individualism and the desire for profit. Personal interest was brought to the fore, which led to a general struggle of all against all. Under these conditions, the teachings of socialism arose, designed to return society to the beginnings of socialism as a means of achieving universal equality and prosperity. Social society, according to Lavrov, can only be strong if economic competition is eliminated. As a moral task, he put forward the need to develop in himself and in others those “habits of socialism,” without which the implementation of a better social system is completely unthinkable. Mikhailovsky concept "S." closely linked to the concept of “cooperation”. S., he believed, can only exist between people equal in position in society, and such equality is possible only in conditions of simple cooperation, where there is no division of labor between individual members, a common goal causes mutual understanding and, as a result, S. interests and mutual assistance. L.I. Mechnikov introduced the concept of "S." to the very center of his sociological concept, considering the growth of socialism in society as the main driving force of historical progress. Like Lavrov, he believed that S. phenomena already exist in the organic world. “Biology,” he wrote, “studies in the field of flora and fauna the phenomena of the struggle for existence, while sociology is interested only in manifestations of solidarity and unification of forces, i.e. e. factors of cooperation in nature" (Mechnikov L.I. Civilization and great historical rivers. M., 1924. P. 43). Moreover, if Bakunin closely connected S. with human freedom, then Mechnikov considered the facts of “forced S.” and “forced S”, connecting them with the level of development of cooperation. The degree of freedom, according to Mechnikov, shows the level of S., being a criterion of progress. According to Mechnikov, society basically goes through the same stages of S. as the organic world as a whole. Forced unions, held together by external coercive force, are replaced by subordinate unions arising as a result of the division of labor, which, in turn, must give way to free unions that unite individuals due to their “conscious desire for S.” In Kropotkin’s works, the term “S. "is found less frequently than among other ideologists of populism, and is usually replaced by the term "mutual assistance", expressing the same content. All this indicates that the concept of "S." is one of the most characteristic in populist sociology and philosophy of history. The original interpretation of S. was given by Levitsky within the framework of his concept of “organic worldview.” It is associated with the “metaphysics of the temporal process,” where S. is considered as a “development factor” that received its highest development in Christianity, which “is the purest expression of solidarity that has outgrown family, feudal, clan, national and other frameworks” (Fundamentals of Organic worldview. Frankfurt am Main, 1948. P. 150).