Functions of participial and participial phrases in the Russian language. The use of participles and gerunds in speech The role of participles and gerunds in speech
A participle is a special form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective (gender, number, case, full or short form). Verb signs of a participle: control, aspect, voice (active and passive participles are distinguished) and tense. These signs are constant. A participle phrase always consists of a participle and words dependent on it.
A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional action to the main action. This part of speech combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, voice and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, syntactic role of adverbial adverb). Answers the questions: what to do? what did you do? A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. Like a single gerund, it denotes an additional action and is performed by the same person, object or phenomenon that performs the main action. Always isolated. If a sentence contains a gerund, then there must also be a predicate verb denoting the main action.
When using a participial phrase in a sentence, it should be remembered that the main action expressed by the predicate verb and the additional action expressed by the participle refer to the same person or thing; often the participial phrase is used in a one-part definite-personal sentence, including with a verb in the form imperative mood(where the subject is easily restored); It is possible to use an adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive. For example:
1. It can be stored in a bag made of rare linen for up to 1 month in a dry, ventilated place (communion)
2. Katyk, obtained for the second or third time, will take on its characteristic appearance, consistency and taste, a pleasant refreshing taste (participial phrase).
3. Form it into balls the size of Walnut and lay it out, covered with gauze, in the sun (adverbial phrase).
When using gerunds and participial phrases in speech, the following syntactic norms should be observed:
1. An action expressed by a gerund can only relate to the subject. For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in his book of complaints: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. The subject of this sentence is the noun hat. In accordance with grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station. In order to correct the sentence in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: transform my object into a subject: Approaching the station, I lost my hat.
2. Participles cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no active subject expressed by the nominative case form. For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement will be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund, returning, refers to the complement me. To correct a sentence, you need to replace the gerund with a predicate verb or subordinate clause(When I returned home, I was sad).
3. The use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject indicates not the real subject, but the object of the action. The house is being built by workers. It is necessary to either replace the participial phrase with a synonymous construction, or transform the passive construction into an active one: Having found the necessary funds, the workers of our trust began building a house.
4. It is not recommended to use gerunds in sentences where the predicate verb is in the future tense: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.
5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other adverbs or with the predicate.
Errors when using participles and gerunds.
In order to avoid making mistakes when using participial phrases, you must follow the following rules:
1) the participial phrase must be located next to (before or after it) with the noun to which it refers; the word being defined cannot be in the middle of a participial phrase:
Volkova was charged under Part 1 of Art. 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was confirmed.
2) the participle in the participle phrase must have the same gender, case and number as the word being defined:
Persons who were careless when crossing the street, which led to traffic accident, and the injured person was sent to the hospital (which brought the injured).
A gerund denotes an additional action, which must refer to the same actor as the main one:
I didn’t see how the fight happened. Sitting under a cow, Vera ran up to me. (In this case we have 2 actors.)
An adverbial phrase cannot refer to:
1) to impersonal constructions, because they do not presuppose an agent:
Having taken measures to apprehend the criminals, the investigator managed to detain them. (Having taken the necessary measures, the investigator was able to detain the criminals.)
2) to constructions in which the predicate is expressed by a passive verb or a short passive participle (passive form of expression):
Yakubailov was repeatedly detained by police officers, appearing in public places while intoxicated. (Yakubailov was repeatedly detained... for appearing...)
3) to vaguely personal constructions, because the subject is conceived indefinitely, and the additional action is performed by a specific person, therefore does not correlate with the subject:
When getting out of the taxi, the victim was not given change. (When the victim got out of the taxi, he was not given change.)
31. Syntax. Basic syntactic units: phrase and sentence.
Syntax- branch of language science that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences
The main syntactic units of syntax are phrases and sentences.
By phrase is called two or more words, combined in meaning and grammatically. The phrase consists of a main and a dependent word, for example: forest air, forest clearing. The main members of a sentence cannot be a phrase.
In a phrase, words are connected in three main ways of communication: agreement, control and adjacency.
Coordination is a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms as the main word: for example: linden alley, deserted village.
Control is a method of communication in which a dependent word (a noun or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) is placed with the main word in a certain case. For example: meet a friend
Adjunction is a method of communication in which the dependent word is connected with the main one only in meaning, for example: to love very much, he said smiling.
Offer- a basic syntactic unit containing a message about something, or a question, or an incentive. Unlike a phrase, a sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members (subject and predicate) or one of them. The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence.
According to the purpose of utterance, sentences are declarative (contain a message), interrogative (contain a question) and incentive (contain an incentive). In addition, sentences can be exclamatory if the statement is accompanied by a strong feeling.
The sentences are very diverse in their structure and meaning. Based on the number of grammatical stems, they are divided into simple (one grammatical stem) and complex (two or more stems)
Simple sentences based on the structure of the grammatical basis are divided into one-part (with one main clause) and two-part (with two main clauses. The guys came to the museum; Silence. It’s getting dark.
Both one-part and two-part sentences based on the presence of minor members can be non-common (there are no minor members) and common (there are minor members). For example, The dawn begins - uncommon; It's raining today - common.
Russian language lesson in 6th grade.
Prepared by a teacher of Russian language and literature from the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School. Krasnoarmeiskoe
Listrova Tamara Viktorovna.
1.Repeat and summarize theoretical information about participles and gerunds.
2. Learn to construct sentences with participial and participial phrases, and be able to use them in your speech.
3. Be able to formulate written speech correctly in spelling and punctuation.
Portrait of the Communion
Participle– a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action and combines the signs of a verb (aspect, tense, reflexivity) and the signs of an adjective (gender, number, case), answers the questions Which? What do you do? What did he do?
Depends on the noun or pronoun.
Suffixes Present. vr. – ush-yush, ash-yush; om-em-im.
Prosh. vr. Vsh, sh, enn, nn, t.
In a sentence it is a modifier or predicate.
Participle– a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action of the verb, answers the questions How? How? Doing what? What did you do?
Combines the characteristics of a verb (aspect, reflexivity) and an adverb (immutability).
Depends on the verb.
Suffixes: a-ya, vschi, shi, uchi-yuchi.
In a sentence it plays the role of an adverbial circumstance.
found out
I know
I want to know
What is a participle and
participle
Silver fairy tale winter.
Fields covered with snow glisten from the bright sun.
The forest, intertwined with ribbons of footprints, seems like a magical blanket.
On starry nights, moonlight casting a spell over the fields creates a picture of a silver necklace.
A cold night spread over a forest covered with snow.
The trees were dressed in white coats, sparkling in the bright sun.
And at the edge of the forest stood a mighty old oak tree, white from frost.
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies;
Sliding on the morning snow,
Dear friend, let’s indulge in running...
Participles are usually avoided in conversation.
We don't say: a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room; We are speaking: which gallops, which sweeps, etc.., - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turn.
A.S. Pushkin
“Not that, not that,” said Dostoevsky irritably, “not that at all!” You're coming out too dry: the penny fell at my feet...should have said: the nickel fell onto the pavement, ringing and bouncing... "Yes, it turned out much more picturesque.
"Ringing and Bouncing"
finishes drawing
movement.
D.V. Grigorovich.
The frost sparkling on the branches was mesmerizing.
Seeing the snow-covered forest edge, I was overcome with a feeling of joy.
The snowstorm, which began in the morning, did not stop until the evening.
1. Carefully look at the pictures that will be in front of you, write down your impressions of viewing.
2. Write an essay
"Winter's Tale of the Forest"
3. Check your work.
found out
I know
I want to know
What is a participle and
What is the role of participles and gerunds in speech?
participle
How are these parts of speech formed, with the help of what suffixes. What are they in a sentence
Types of research in the lesson Observing the role of participles and gerunds in literary texts Constructing sentences Creating mini-texts with suggested words and phrases Working with photographs of landscapes Individual work on cards Writing a lyrical miniature
Winter in poems by Russian poets Read the texts. Find in them examples of the use of participles and gerunds Birch White birch Under my window Covered with snow, Like silver. On the fluffy branches, like a snowy border, brushes blossomed like a white fringe. And the birch tree stands in sleepy silence, and snowflakes burn in golden fire. And the dawn, lazily going around, Sprinkles the branches with new silver Afanasy Fet A sad birch tree At my window, And the whim of frost Has dismantled it... A wonderful picture, How dear you are to me: White plain, Full moon, Light of high skies, And shiny snow, And distant sleighs Lonely running. Sergey Yesenin Porosha I'm going. Quiet. Ringing can be heard under hoofs in the snow, only gray crows make noise in the meadow. Enchanted by the invisible, The forest slumbers under the fairy tale of sleep, Like a white scarf, a pine tree is tied up...
“Crystal Ringing” by V. Astafiev I went out to the river bank in the morning, and there was a ringing sound along it, thin - thin, barely perceptible. I didn’t immediately understand what was happening: the river was high in the winter, the coastal bushes were flooded, a frost hit at night - the water “dried up” - and a layer of ice formed on all the branches, on the shoots of the willow grass and on the flooded sedge. They hung like bells over the water, the talniks moved in streams, the pieces of ice tinkled barely audibly, and when the breeze picked up, the ringing became thicker, the gloomy, stormy river, which had been humming discontentedly all summer, began to sparkle from end to end. ... A barely audible crystal ringing was heard all around, a scattering of sparkling bells over the banks - the voice of the sad pre-winter throughout the heavenly world. Assignment Find participles and participial phrases in the text of the lyrical miniature and determine their role
Didactic materials Make up sentences using these words and phrases: A bird fluttering from branch to branch, an alley strewn with snow, shining sparks on silvery frost, in a raging blizzard, glass ringing, the foggy face of the moon, an impenetrable forest, snow sparkling in the sun, covered with a snow blanket . Construction of proposals according to these schemes Ι Ι, X. X, Ι Ι,..., and …, Ι._._._._._. Ι, …. Answer the questions: What color is the sky today? What sun? How else can you say this? Selection of associative concepts for the word winter What words come to mind when you hear this word? Which of these are participles and gerunds?
Spelling and syntactic work In a black... forest, a rustling... stream, a rushing... stream, pouring... rain, a steaming... river, a red... dawn, by a waving... lake, swaying .. blowing by the breeze, meeting .. ice floes. The shiny snow that covered the ground creaks under my boot. (Syntax analysis) 1. A path runs down to the river, barely visible in the darkness. 2. The river, faintly illuminated by the moon, turns silver. 3. The reeds rustle, slightly swayed by the wind. 4. Someone’s voices heard from afar echo loudly in the silence of the night. 5. In the distance stood an almost invisible forest. 6. The shadow, swayed by the wind, either shortened or lengthened.7. The forest covered with snow stood alone until spring. (Graphically indicate the participial phrases).
Summing up DURING THE LESSON, THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF WORK WERE CARRIED OUT: OBSERVING LITERARY TEXTS AND DETERMINING THE ROLE OF PARTICIPLES AND PARICIPLES IN THEM, DEVELOPING THE CREATIVE INITIATIVE OF STUDENTS THROUGH THE CREATION OF LYRIC MINIATS JUR, REPEATING VOWELS IN ENDINGS OF ACTIVE PARTICIPLES, SYNTACTICAL PARASYING OF SENTENCES, CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO SCHEMES. Homework: write an essay - a miniature based on this beginning. (So we waited for the snow. It fell...)
Difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb - the participle - in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.
Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in incorrect construction of the formative basis (cf.: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of normative - galloping) and in the wrong choice of formative suffix. Since the choice of a form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, if there is difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph. 2.6.
When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of the participle form, pay special attention to the following cases.
1. Most active past participles are formed using suffixes -вш- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:
write - wrote, decide - decided.
The suffix -ш- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry - carried, carry - carried.
note that the suffix -ш- is also used if the stem of the infinitive ends in -shibit, -eret: wipe - wiped, bruise - bruised. Erroneous forms wiped, bruised are quite common in speech, but they are unacceptable in literary language!
2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, made, finished). In speech, quite often there is an error associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in the sentence: The room has been cleaned- instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n- the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.
3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all word-forming prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the suffix -sya when forming participles from reflexive verbs.
For example, in the sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees- the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The following sentence would be grammatically correct: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees.
4. It should be taken into account that some verbs are characterized by the absence or infrequency of certain forms of participles. Thus, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:
Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with the accusative case without a preposition.
At the same time, the absence of certain forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.
note
1) The forms of present passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-) are not used for verbs:
arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, transport, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, treat, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.
2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:
return, get, force(do something) catch, overshadow, lick, pass, remind, fly around, wait, wish, love, greet, run, carry out, pass, decline, conjugate, look at, push.
When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.
1. The contrast between active and passive participles is related to the meaning they express.
Active participles (suffixes) -ushch-, -yushch-, -ashch-, -box-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote a sign of who (what) directly performs the action:
a singing girl, a boy drawing.
Passive participles (suffixes) -om-, -eat-, -im-; -nn-(-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing the action:
a book you read, a magazine you bought.
In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use active participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.
For example, in the sentence: I had one ticket won- the passive participle is used incorrectly, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. with a lucky ticket. It is grammatically correct to use the active participle ( winning ticket), since the defined noun does not experience, but produces an action.
2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.
In some cases, both possible forms are used in literary language:
a project approved by all - a project approved by all.
In other cases, either only the passive participle or only the active participle of the reflexive verb is used.
Wed: a built house is a house under construction.
It should be remembered that the main expresser of the meaning of passivity is the passive participle, and where it is present, the reflexive participle is usually unacceptable.
Thus, the following phrases will be grammatically incorrect: child, dressing up as a nanny; box, turned carpenter . In this case, the use of passive participles is mandatory: child, dressed as a nanny; box, made by a carpenter.
The reflexive participle is usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not available in the language or is rarely used. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are rarely used.
Wed: a paper written by a student last year; a report written by a student over the course of a year.
3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be future participles. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:
In just a few years we will have a whole complex of enterprises that could cause an environmental disaster.
When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.
1. Imperfective participles are formed from the base of the present tense of imperfective verbs using suffixes -а/-я:
take - take - taking; cry - cry - crying.
A number of imperfective verbs also form participles using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:
being, driving, regretting, playing, walking, sneaking.
However, they did not receive any widespread use in the literary language. Typically, the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.
note to forms of gerunds from the following verbs: climb - climbing, swim - floating, pinch - pinch, wave - wave(permissible - Masha), suffer - suffering(in artistic speech you can find - suffering), sprinkle - rash(permissible - rash), listen - listening And listening(obsolete).
In addition, not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense do not form participles (cf.: weave - weave):
beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.
There are no or are not used gerunds from verbs with alternation in the stems of the infinitive and present tense consonants z-zh, s-sh (cf.: knit - knit, dance - dance):
weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.
Imperfective verbs like -ch, na-nut do not form participles:
protect, burn, might, oven, flog, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, drown, pull.
Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:
arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, freeze, want.
2. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs, mainly using the suffix -в:
buy - having bought, decide - having decided.
From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а/-я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -louse, -shi ( offended, upset and etc.).
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -v is also typical for many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - having grown up; save - having saved.
The use of the suffix -а/-я in the formation of perfect participles (cf.: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was a fairly common phenomenon in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: leaning, approaching, getting off etc. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.
3. The main mistake when forming participles is the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up- the form of the gerund with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a base to a sibilant, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix -a, but the normative option would be the form with the suffix -v (putting phone).
Errors of this kind are quite common when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( hand on heart, headlong). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions ( rushed out headlong) is an error!
Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in a literary language cannot have gerund forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered).
