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What are the levels called? Construction level. Choosing a level in the store: what to look for

A good tool is a great help in any job, and a good construction level is necessary in any job. household(hang a mirror or cabinet) during renovation. And to build a bathhouse you will need at least two or three different levels. There are quite a few types of this instrument and each has its own characteristics.

Bubble levels are the most popular. Most likely, this is due to their not very high price and sufficient measurement accuracy. These instruments come in very different lengths - from several tens of centimeters to 3 meters. During construction or renovation, levels of several sizes are usually needed: short ones are convenient if you need to check compliance small areas, and long ones are indispensable, for example, during plastering work, when installing lathing under the lining in a bathhouse, etc.

Bubble levels have one, two or three transparent chambers with a scale filled with a liquid containing a bubble. The position of the bubble relative to the applied divisions determines the deviation from the vertical and horizontal. If the tool has only one camera, only horizontal surfaces can be controlled; if there are two cameras, vertical and horizontal. There are levels with three flasks. The third, if fixed, serves to determine the deviation from an angle of 45 degrees. But there are models with movable flasks that allow you to determine the deviation from the selected angle of inclination. These will be needed during construction rafter system and some other works.

There are several modifications of bubble levels: some of them have magnets built into them and are convenient to fix on metal surfaces. Such levels are also called magnetic levels. There are special tools for masons and tilers: there are places where you can hit with a hammer, which is very convenient.

How to choose a bubble level

The price range for these instruments is quite wide. Definitely, it’s hardly worth buying the cheapest ones, unless you need them for one-time work. If you have to build or major renovation, it is worth choosing one of the professional levels. Although they cost many times more, they will also last much longer: they have thick-walled cases, which are not so dangerous for shocks and falls, some are equipped with rubber linings that soften the blows. The stabila construction level has proven itself best. Kapro tools (the manufacturer gives a lifetime warranty on flasks) and Kraftool work well. These are probably the best building levels available on the market today. If we talk about the middle price category, then Zubr, Stayer and Matrix have proven themselves well.

When choosing a tool, pay attention to the mounting of the flasks: they shouldn't wobble. It is better if they are mounted tightly, without screws. At first glance, flasks reinforced with screws are good because they can be adjusted independently, but in practice such tools get lost very quickly, and you have to repeat the entire adjustment procedure again and again. In order to work comfortably with a level, you must clearly see the flask, the divisions on it and the position of the bubble. The farther apart the strips on the flask are, the more difficult it is to determine how much the bubble is displaced.

Important! Even after a slight drop, the bubble level can begin to “lie,” especially for cheap models. For this reason, check the level for accuracy directly in the store.

How to check the bubble level

To check the accuracy of the level, you need to place it on any horizontal surface (for example, on a store display), notice the place where it lies, and remember the position of the bubble. Turn the tool 180° (the part that was on the right should be on the left), install it in the same place and again look at the position of the bubble. If the readings match, the horizontal bulb is set correctly. Repeat a similar check on a vertical plane (for example, on a wall). If the readings match there, you can buy this level. If there are deviations somewhere, ask for another one.

For details on checking the bubble level, watch the video.

Laser construction level

Laser building levels are the most modern and accurate, but also the most expensive. The most budget-friendly options cost the same (or more) as professional bubble levels. But this is a compact device that attaches to any surface and has a range of up to 100 meters. Laser levels allow you to perfectly align a straight line, some models have the function of sweeping direction in a plane, there are cross models with 2 or more (up to 10) lines, with which you can perform any work. Their only drawback is their high price.

The world leader in the production of laser levels is the German company Bosch - it produces a huge line of laser levels. TO compact models refer to the Bosch PPL5 model.

This device is quite compact, as you can see by watching the video.

The laser level can be mounted on the wall, and along the guide, tiles can be glued to the walls in a bathhouse or sauna.

If you are not a professional builder, there is no need to buy expensive levels, which include Bosch products. If you need a laser level only to build a single bathhouse, then you can easily buy a laser level in China. The price of this level on eBay is only 8-9 dollars, and delivery to Russia is free.

Chinese laser level with tape measure (click on the picture to enlarge)

The laser requires three coin-cell batteries to operate.

Water or hydro level

This tool is suitable for determining the presence of deviations in horizontal surfaces. They cannot check either verticals or planes located at an angle. The water level is a set of a hose (from 5 to 25 meters long) and two glass flasks with a scale printed on them.

Water is poured into this structure (it is necessary to pour water room temperature and make sure no bubbles form). You can draw a horizontal line by setting the same water levels in both flasks.

Water levels are convenient to use when working with large surfaces (for example, when laying foundations or piles), but they are inconvenient when working in small spaces. Their main disadvantage: sensitivity to temperature changes: you cannot check surfaces located at a distance of less than 1.5 meters from heating devices or other heat sources.

A huge advantage of water levels is that when correct use, you can perfectly measure out the horizontal on large planes. For this reason, for marking, it is advisable to use a water level, and not a bubble level.

When purchasing a hydraulic level, check that there are no cracks in the plastic flasks.

Pipe levels

They work on the bubble principle, but are small in size and most often made in the form of a rectangle. Some models are foldable.

They are convenient to use when working with pipes or when laying profiles (some have corresponding holes and/or magnets to make them easier to attach).

Types of levels and their different modifications a lot of. The main thing is to determine for what purposes you will use them, and choose the most suitable option for them.

Level on Android

What progress has come... This is exactly what I want to say when you find out that you can now download and install a building level program on a device running operating system Android (Android).

Building level program in a smartphone

Quite a few similar programs have already been created. a large number of, but there are not as many high-quality ones as you would like. One of the most popular levels for a smartphone is the program Bubble level, which can be installed by following this link https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.androgames.level&hl=ru.

The Bubble level program allows you to switch the type of level.

The Bubble level program allows you to switch the type of level

The smartphone navigates in space using its built-in camera. After installing the program, you need to calibrate the device by placing it on a flat surface.

As you understand, the level for Android cannot be considered as a full-fledged tool for building a bathhouse. Although using such a level it will be quite possible to hang pictures evenly in the rest room.

conclusions

When building a bathhouse, as with any other construction, you cannot do without a building level. Since our site is designed for amateur builders, we dare to offer the following gentleman’s set:

Hydraulic level (required);
Bubble level (required);
Chinese laser level (you can get by).

This entire set can be purchased for just 1,000 rubles and will be enough for all types of work, from pouring the foundation to laying tiles.

The correct choice of measuring tool significantly improves the quality of work and saves time. By design, there are five main types of building levels: bubble, electronic, pipe, hydraulic, laser. Below we will look at each of them in more detail.

Five types of building levels

Bubble levels have become most widespread due to their simplicity, accessibility and versatility. They are called so because their sensitive element is an air bubble floating in the ampoule. The measurement error of these devices is 0.5 ÷ 1 mm/m. Domestic models are produced in accordance with GOST 9416-83, where they are described technical specifications for their production. The tool body is a hollow box-shaped structure with stiffening ribs. It can have a length from 30 cm to several meters. To reduce weight, the device is made of aluminum alloys. The air ampoules are covered with protective glass. At the base of the case, as a rule, there is a millimeter measurement scale.

Magnetic bubble levels are perfect for working with metal structures. Their distinctive feature is the presence of built-in magnets that allow you to attach the tool vertically to metal parts. For masons, there are models with a reinforced cast body. If you have to do plastering work, pay attention to the rules with a level. They combine two devices at the same time.

Electronic levels with a protractor are considered a professional measuring instrument. They have multiple bubble chambers to evaluate verticality and horizontality building structures. However, unlike conventional levels, such devices have a number of additional capabilities.

One of the main features is the digital display, which clearly displays the deviation in degrees. At the same time, the accuracy of the data provided is high – up to 0.1⁰. It is possible to record measured slopes. There is a sound indication that signals when 0⁰ and 90⁰ are reached.

Checking the accuracy of an electronic level is simple and does not take much time. To do this, you need to place the device on a flat surface and take readings. Rotate the level 180 degrees to see the new values. If the difference in readings is more than 0.2⁰, the device needs to be calibrated.

Designed to check the horizontal and verticality of water, gas, sewer pipes. In general, it is convenient to use for working with beams and round profiles in various building structures. The main features of this tool are the V-shaped body and the presence of magnets. Thanks to this, the device can be easily installed on metal pipe or support.

The pipe level, like the bubble level, is equipped with several flasks with alcohol liquid. An air bubble floats in each of them, the location of which determines the deviation from a given direction.

Used for applying precise horizontal markings on objects that are distant from each other. It is used to knock out floor levels, install foundations, lay bricks, and install various building structures in one plane.

The hydrostatic level consists of two vessels connected to each other by a transparent tube. Before use, the system is filled with water so that it occupies approximately 2/3 of the volume of the flasks. At the same time, make sure that the liquid inside the tube does not contain air bubbles. They must be removed, otherwise the measurements will be inaccurate. Kinks and fractures of the tube are not allowed: water must flow freely from one vessel to another. To check the accuracy of the device, the flasks are combined with each other. It is necessary that they have a common liquid boundary.

The industry produces hydrostatic levels from 5 to 25 m in length. The measurement error of these devices is 2÷3 mm. It is recommended to mark from one base mark. This allows for maximum accuracy.

Laser building levels(levels) belong to the group of professional measuring instruments. Despite the rather high cost compared to other solutions, they provide their owner with whole line benefits. First of all, this is high marking accuracy. The permissible deviation is only 0.1÷1 mm/m depending on the class of the device. The technical capabilities of linear laser levels allow them to build horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes at a distance of up to several tens of meters from the installation site. For home use that's more than enough. Rotating laser levels, thanks to the rotation of the emitter, project beams along the entire perimeter of the room, that is, they cover the entire space around them.

Which construction works carried out using laser levels:

leveling walls or floors;
installation of attachments;
wallpapering walls;
installation of suspended ceilings;
tiling of premises;
installation of partitions, etc.

To perform repairs efficiently, you should choose a good measuring tool before starting work. Nowadays there is a wide variety of building levels. They differ from each other in purpose, technical characteristics, workmanship and price.

What task is facing you?! If you need an inexpensive universal tool for all occasions, you should pay attention to bubble levels. They are convenient, unpretentious, and most importantly, have good accuracy. Their capabilities are enough to lay tiles evenly, install windows, doors or furniture. The length of the universal level is 60÷80 cm.

Electronic levels with a protractor and a magnetic system are suitable for those who decide to take repairs seriously. They have advanced capabilities. First of all, this is a visual representation of data on an electronic display with an accurate indication of deviations in degrees, percentages or millimeters. Others distinctive features are high accuracy, reading recording function, as well as the possibility of electronic calibration.

If you need to level beams, posts, plumbing or gas pipes in vertical and horizontal directions, take full advantage of pipe levels. Their undeniable advantage is the possibility of precise centering on these elements of building structures.

A water level will be useful when installing floor screed, installation suspended ceilings, foundation construction. It is useful for marking places for sockets, which will look aesthetically pleasing, being at the same height. The water level can be used to make precise horizontal markings for adjacent rooms between which there is no direct visibility. This is one of its main advantages. This tool is low cost and easy to use. Its length varies from 5 to 25 meters, which is quite enough for domestic use.

A laser level will be an excellent choice for those who have a large amount of construction work to do. It will significantly save time, while ensuring high accuracy of construction of both horizontal and vertical planes. This is a good tool for beating the floor level, marking walls under Finishing work, installation of furniture and communications.

There are three main types of laser levels: point, linear, and rotary. In accordance with the name, they are used to construct points, lines, and markings along the entire perimeter of the room at the same time.

Before starting work, laser devices must be leveled using the built-in bubble level. Some models have an additional self-leveling function within 2÷4 degrees. The price of professional laser levels is quite high, but there are affordable options for home use.

What to look for when choosing

Among large number manufacturers present on the market of measuring instruments, there are those who have already managed to gain an excellent reputation in our country and abroad. Builders have a good reputation for bubble and electronic levels Stabila and Kapro. Bosch laser levels are known for their quality. However, it is best to rely on your own experience to purchase an item with necessary set features for a reasonable price. Main selection criteria: technical characteristics, equipment, build quality and materials.

When purchasing a bubble level, you need to inspect it appearance. Is there any visible damage?! What is the quality of the materials, is it assembled neatly?! Particular attention should be paid to ampoules with liquid. They must be securely integrated into the housing.

Place the selected level on a flat horizontal surface. It should fit snugly, without gaps, against it with its base. Note the position of the air bubble in the upper ampoule. After this, turn the device 180⁰ clockwise or counterclockwise and place it in the same place. If the bubble has shifted relative to its initial position, this level cannot be trusted. In a similar way, you can check the accuracy of the vertical readings.

The final result of the work of a number of industrial specialists depends on the accuracy of the measuring instruments: builder, mason, carpenter, etc. The construction level of various modifications is a simple but mandatory tool for any serious team or individual craftsman, which allows identifying the accuracy of the location of horizontal and vertical surfaces. The history of the appearance of the first spirit level dates back to the second half of the 17th century, and the vertical plumb line is a well-known primitive prototype of later inventions.

Generally accepted classification for building levels:

Bubble (spirit level) - with flasks filled with liquid installed in a rigid body, and the presence of a floating air bubble in each flask;
Laser level – with fast and clear marking of working surfaces with a laser beam point;
Water level (hydraulic level) – the operating principle is based on Pascal’s hydrostatic law and checks the conformity of the planes of horizontal surfaces.

Despite all the obvious innovative advantages of the same laser level, skilled craftsmen never refuse to use a high-quality bubble level - this time-tested universal tool.

Basic characteristics of the building level

Measurement accuracy (from 0.3 mm/m, the longer the building level and the heavier it is, the higher the accuracy of its readings);
Impact resistance. As a rule, levels have a hollow body, but with walls of sufficient thickness;
Wide resistance to the slightest bending and torsion;
Measuring flasks with a high degree of transparency and resistance to discoloration, clouding, cracking and leakage when exposed to low and high temperatures, as well as ultraviolet rays.

Device

A rigid monolithic, most often rectangular body with a milled bottom edge is made of light and durable materials (aluminum, polystyrene, plastic, wood) with an anti-corrosion coating. Depending on the required accuracy, a certain number of transparent sealed glass flasks (level eyes) with an air bubble floating in a colored alcohol-containing liquid are securely fixed in the body:

one bulb - only for the horizontal guide (180 degrees);
two - for horizontal (180 degrees) and vertical guides (90 degrees);
three - for more complex work, with an additional third camera that controls the measurement of the angle of inclination (rigidly fixed at 45 degrees, or rotating - for measuring any angle of the controlled surface).

In order to minimize errors in angular vision, limiting lines—risks—are applied to the surface of the measuring flasks. Eyes for checking the position of surfaces of the vertical plane and the angle of inclination have built-in mirror reflectors for simultaneous monitoring of the position of bubbles.

Plastic plugs at the ends of the level protect the structure in case of accidental falls.

Some manufacturers of levels also provide additional amenities: for example, a built-in magnifying lens for more comfortable control of the bubble, magnetic systems or fluorescent liquid flasks for the possibility of continuing work even in dark time days.

The principle of operation of a bubble building level is simple: measuring and adjusting surfaces relative to the horizontal and vertical planes occurs by moving the bubble inside a certain eye of the level. The result of a correct setting will be that the bubble is located exactly in the middle between the measuring marks of the flask.

Building level. Which is better?

Having decided to purchase a building level, it would be a good idea to familiarize yourself with some recommendations for choosing it:

Flask– must be securely attached to the housing. When purchasing, you should avoid the level in which the bulb is screwed on with screws, which is why it may become loose over time. You should choose flasks made of polyacrylic, which is stronger than glass and more transparent than plastic.
Level length– it is necessary to take into account the type of work ahead, since the larger the working area, the longer the level should be chosen;
Defects– the building level is a measuring device, so when buying a tool, you must make sure that there are no manufacturing defects, as well as errors in the readings.

Housing material– the tool can be made of plastic, metal or wood. The most reliable and durable is, of course, a metal level, inside of which there are stiffening ribs
Marking – the best option The placement of control strips inside the vial itself is considered. The divisions applied to the surface of the flask should be clear and located close to each other.

The range in cost of building levels is quite varied. At the same time, it is not worth choosing more economic models, especially if you need to use the tool repeatedly. If you have to carry out a major repair, experts strongly recommend purchasing a professional tool. Its characteristic feature is the presence of a shock-resistant case with special rubber pads, which during operation can soften impacts from falls, etc.

In operation it performs better than others, the construction level of the famous German brand"Stabila". On average, you will have to pay from 700 to 1800 rubles for such a tool. This measuring device is famous for such advantages as:

high-quality and stable reading (high degree of measurement accuracy);
good ergonomic characteristics;
precision in the geometry of the aluminum profile body.

In addition, this brand also produces magnetic building levels, which make it possible to work with electricity and are equipped with special slots for marking for switches and sockets.

In addition to Stabila, another good option may become a construction level of the company "Akula". The good thing about the levels of this brand is that they are not afraid of falls and shocks. Also, good models are produced by Ermak, Bosch or Kapro.. For example, the Kapro company constantly updates its models and often introduces the latest innovative solutions, producing household and professional-type tools. Models from the German company Bosch are distinguished by their high quality. A similar tool to the Bosch models is also produced by the Russian company Condtrol, which is more affordable in terms of cost.

In the middle category of such instruments, it is worth highlighting the levels produced by the companies “Matrix”, “Brigadier” and “Stayer”, which are distinguished by their particular measurement accuracy and optimal cost-to-quality ratio.

However, when purchasing a building level famous brand should not be the decisive aspect. The main thing is to decide on the type of future work and the frequency of use of the tool.

180 degree method

You can check the accuracy of the level in the simplest way, called the 180 degree method:

It is necessary to place the building level tightly, without gaps, on a flat horizontal surface and remember the position of the bubble relative to the marks.
In the horizontal plane, turn the level 180 degrees and place it clearly on the same area.
At a qualitative and accurate level, the position of the bubble should remain the same.

In the same way, you can check the accuracy of the vertical readings.

Round bubble level

This type of building level is designed to control only horizontal surfaces and is somewhat different from the usual levels in the design of the body, but the principle of operation remains unchanged. The round level is a sealed hemispherical capsule made of impact-resistant glass, with a fixed flask, inside which the position of the bubble is determined by a bounding round line.

The scope of application of the round bubble level is not only construction work and monitoring the degree of shrinkage of already rebuilt buildings. These kinds of levels are widely used in photo and video shooting to strictly adjust the horizontal position of the equipment tripod. It is very common to use round levels when installing commercial or control scales, as well as for constant monitoring of the stable horizontal position of stationary machines, industrial tools and even jewelry surfaces - for example, polishing wheels.

A round bubble level often has the ability to be locally attached to the surface being tested and is very low in cost with high measurement accuracy. Knowledgeable person will appreciate this simple and necessary tool.

Ubiquitous use of levels

Whatever work has to be done (check the compliance of the vertical and horizontal surfaces of the walls, floor and ceiling; install without distortions washing machine, hang a bookshelf or a picture) - the simplicity and ease of using a bubble building level will help you do this quickly and with the highest quality. Even if there is a laser level or plane builder that is more complex in design and principle of operation, the construction level, which is unchanged in the arsenal of any master, will not remain idle.

A building level is a tool that reveals the slope of surfaces. Suitable for indoor and outdoor use.

How they work

The operating algorithm of any of them comes down to choosing the installation point and the location for level measurement. Other options depend on the specific type of tool and can be combined.

Construction level helps:

Determine the verticality or horizontality of a given surface - in order to establish further scope of work and its necessity.
Find out in which direction the tilt occurred; in some models its exact size is also available.
Set clear guidelines when marking surfaces - before installing frames or furniture.
Calculate the volume of materials - for this, the arithmetic average of the levels of different points of one surface is used.
Define a single level in different rooms- often required when installing ceilings or windows.

At low-rise construction or apartment renovation, manual variations of the tool are more often used. These are devices without complex electronics and do not require special skills. Professionals use several types at the same time.

Types and functions of building levels

Hydraulic levels

The functioning of this type of instrument is based on the law of physics about communicating vessels. Structurally, hydraulic levels are two flasks connected by a transparent tube.

Peculiarities:

This is an accurate view of the levels, but it is important to ensure there are no kinks in the hose and to have good vision.
Suitable for checking slopes simultaneously in different rooms.
As a rule, they require pair work.

To put the device into working condition, it is enough to fill it with water so that the upper meniscus of the liquid reaches the middle of both flasks, and there are no air bubbles left in the tube.

Bubble building levels

Regardless of the size and design features, the principle of the device is the same. At least two flasks are built into the body of the level, where small air bubbles “float” in the liquid. Based on them, they check whether there is a slope of the planes.

Peculiarities:

The liquid in most cases will be technical alcohol. Allows you to take measurements with an error of 1 mm/m - this is the industry standard.
The "air" bubbles made from solid acrylic suggest greater precision. Error 0.5 mm/m.

Some models of bubble levels are equipped with flasks on a rotating base. This allows you to work with inclined planes. Profile shapes come in the form of a box, trapezoid and with one measuring plane cast Shark (shark). Part of the tool is equipped with end elements that prevent breakage during falls.

Laser building levels

The convenience of this equipment is contactless use and in a large plane of coverage with markings.

Peculiarities:

The pendulum of devices is leveled after unlocking. It is advisable to set the base plane horizontally.
Manufacturers offer an additional mounting tripod, but its dimensions are not enough for marking at height. In this case, a rod is used, which is fixed between the floor and another horizontal surface. The platform on which the tool is installed moves along it.
In bright light, the laser beam is not visible to the naked eye. To solve the problem, glasses with lenses in the red color range are used.

Some laser levels produce static vertical and horizontal lines in a limited sector. Alternative option using a point running in a circle allows you to mark simultaneously from all sides.

Magnetic building levels

Magnetic levels are visually indistinguishable from bubble levels. The difference is noticeable only at the lower ends. This option is equipped with magnets for ease of working with metal surfaces.

Peculiarities:

Strip magnets are more often used in polymer levels, combined with a V-groove for easy work on pipelines.
Ceramic magnets or ferrites have been the industry standard in levels until recent years.
Rare earth - most aluminum models now come with this type of magnet. They are up to 10 times stronger than ceramic ones.

This type of level is more often used for work related to the installation of frames under drywall, as it is conveniently mounted on ceiling and rack profiles, leaving your hands free.

Optical building levels

An optical level or level is used at industrial sites or in the construction of houses. The kit includes a special tripod, without which the use of the tool is unproductive. Installation comes down to mounting, focusing and centering.

Peculiarities:

Centering is necessary for point-to-point measurements. This is done using a plumb line attached to the bottom of the tripod.
Focusing - the telescope is aimed at the staff, and the clarity is adjusted using the adjusting screw. The eyepiece ring defines the reticle.

After setting, the elevation marks are taken. The collected data are summed up and their arithmetic mean is calculated. This will be the mark of the base from the horizon of the instrument.

Advantages

Each type has its own set of advantages:

Hydraulic levels . They support measurements in different rooms when the original level is hidden by partitions or heavy structures. This functionality is not provided in other models.
Bubble . Easy to install and use, light weight and dimensions. Can be used to measure the level and simultaneously check the plane of a wall or floor.
Magnetic . They do not require additional fixation when working with metal. They have a full range of advantages of bubble models.
Laser . Supports simultaneous vertical and horizontal measurements. Coverage range is greater than any manual model. Automation of routine processes.
Optical . Applicability in open spaces, during the construction of roads and large objects. Functionality, saving time and labor costs. When taking measurements at a distance, the accuracy does not decrease.

Problems

Disadvantages and inconveniences also depend on the type of tool:

Hydro. M unclear and difficult to use. The routine processes of filling, draining, unwinding and expelling bubbles are time-consuming. Not suitable for vertical planes.
Bubble . It often gets confused, adjustment is often unavailable. Not suitable for working over large distances and areas. IN adjacent rooms cannot determine the correct level.
Magnetic . The same disadvantages as the bubble one. Magnets often stick out from the plane of the edge - during measurements, fresh paint or putty can be damaged. Some models are less stable than bubble models. Frequent failure of magnets is also a disadvantage.
Laser . Requires a flat surface. The pendulum often breaks down during transportation. The beam diameter increases with distance, which affects accuracy. Plane measurements can only be carried out using additional accessories.
Optic . Adjustment is time consuming and requires skill. For domestic purposes, the functionality is redundant - neither the time nor the expenses are justified.

How to choose a building level

For most level types, accuracy will be the determining factor, so checking that it is correct is important.

Bubble and Magnetic

The same design also implies uniform methods for assessing the correctness of evidence.

To check a horizontal flask, you need:

Place the tool on a flat surface.
Make two marks: at the end of the level and along it - near the horizontal ampoule.
Remember the position of the air bubble.
Turn the level 180° and install it in the same place in accordance with the previously made marks.
Check the position of the air bubble. Any differences in its position before and after the level inversion indicate the inaccuracy of the instrument.
Repeat the test even if the readings are the same.

To check the vertical flask, set the level to door frame or a flat wall, further actions are similar to horizontal measurements.

Hydro

This type of measuring instruments does not have structural parts responsible for the accuracy of measurements, but there are nuances that should be taken into account when choosing:

The length of the hose - you should not choose it in reserve, because expelling air bubbles and straightening the tubes can turn this advantage into a problem.
Pay attention to the tightness of the protective caps. Water should not pour out - this will interfere with work.
It is worth checking the integrity of the tube and connections to the flasks.

An additional parameter is the flexibility of the hose, but it is difficult to assess without experience with this type of level.

Laser

Choosing a laser level involves checking a number of indicators:

The measurement error should not exceed 3 mm per 10 meters.
Self-leveling - test several models. The preferred option is one whose pendulum aligns faster than its analogues.
Range - marked as a radius or diameter. To avoid misconceptions, clarify what type of distance is indicated. The laser is also responsible for this parameter. The green beam with a wavelength of 532 nM is suitable for most measurements.

Additionally, the integrity of the instrument and the absence of mechanical damage are checked.

Optic

You need to choose a level taking into account the tasks at hand and the characteristics of future use. They are divided into three classes: high-precision, basic and technical.

Peculiarities:

An air damper is suitable for outdoor conditions, but operation in vibration mode requires the use of a magnetic option.
To perform tasks in a confined space, the determining parameter should be the shortest sighting distance. For large objects, models with the maximum magnification range of the telescope are preferable.
Class I or II leveling is usually not required on construction sites, but it is worth considering that only high-precision instruments can perform it.
It is easier to prepare a tool with a compensator for work due to the self-installation of the sighting axis.

Which is better

The answers to these questions will help you choose the best type of tool for your current needs.

What basic functions should the level perform?

The functionality of the bubble level will cover all the problems of household tile laying, but it is impossible for them to correctly measure the level of ceilings in different rooms.
Laser - will save hours of work on marking walls for frames and wallpaper, but is not suitable for determining the correct level of planes.
Optical - will support accurate calculations for laying routes, leveling surfaces, but you can’t use it to hang shelves inside a kitchen cabinet.
Hydro - will help to perform a uniform marking of ceilings, but it is useless for installing wall frames.

Where will it be used? Indoors, outdoors or both?

Most electronic models are not designed for use outdoors or in aggressive environments (rain, snow).
Keep in mind that in addition to the laser level, you will need a detector for outdoor use, since the beams will be invisible in daylight.

What is the required measurement accuracy?

Industrial lasers and levels have mechanical or digital counters; there is support for recording the inclination angle in 0.01% increments. For less accurate measurements, basic models are selected hand tools.

Are additional features needed?

Tool professional level accessories necessary for comfortable work. But the functionality of household and industrial models may not differ significantly.

How to use a building level

Features of use depend on the type of tool. There are no uniform operating methods.

How to use a hydraulic level

Carefully unroll the tubes and fill the instrument with clean running water through one of the flasks, while holding the second one higher. Try to fill without stopping to avoid unnecessary air gaps.
Check that the filling is correct - the tubes should be evenly convex. Drive the remaining air bubbles to the flasks with light clicks until they are completely released. If done correctly, the risks will be at the same height when measuring. This can be checked by placing the flasks close to each other.
Secure the lids.
Next, it is assumed that the two of you will work together. One person holds the flask, and the second goes with a hose to the place or room whose level needs to be compared with the current one.
When both are in place, the lids are removed from the flasks. It is important to do everything at the same time and at approximately the same height - otherwise there will be overflow.
One person holds the flask against a pre-made mark, making sure that the center of the meniscus of water corresponds to it.
The partner carefully raises or lowers the flask, thereby adjusting the level of water filling.
When everything is level, the second participant makes a level mark.

Precautionary measures: avoid kinks and mechanical damage to the hose.

How to use a bubble and magnetic level

Place the tool on the surface of the object whose horizontalness you want to check.
If the air bubble is to the right of the line, the object is slanted down to the left.
If the bubble is to the left of the line, the object is slanted down to the right.

The vertical level is found by analogy.

Maintenance and care include timely cleaning of the instrument, especially after taking measurements on wet plaster surfaces.

Precautionary measures are limited to protecting the device from shocks and falls.

How to use a laser level

Place the instrument on a tripod or flat surface.
For a manual model, make sure the bubbles indicate level. Otherwise, find the screws on the side and adjust them to the required correctness. Self-Leveling - After installation, allow time for the tool to self-level, usually 30 seconds.
Turn on the device. The device will release a beam that is reflected on surfaces. Depending on the type of laser level, this may be a point, a line, or several intersections horizontally or vertically.

If the device has not been used for a long time or has been dropped, calibration will be required. Installation on a rail or tripod occurs using a clamp or clamps included in the kit.

Precautionary measures:

do not look at the beam itself, do not point it at children or animals;
do not use the tool in the rain;
Do not carry it with an unlocked pendulum - many models warn about this with a sound signal or laser blinking.

How to use an optical level

Before use, check the stability of the tripod. Tighten the fastener with the tool. Make sure the lifting screws are not too tight on the support pad.

Alignment:

Hold the adjustment screws between your thumb and forefinger and turn them simultaneously in opposite directions. Observe the movement in the graduated flask.
The air bubble should be centered on the window with a round level.
Centering on a point is performed with a plumb line mounted on the tripod screw. Then the level moves along the head.
Centering is complete when the plumb line is above the specified point.

Focusing:

Point the telescope at a piece of paper or other light object.
Tighten the eyepiece until the desired sharpness appears - the viewfinder should be clear.
Pointing the tube at the included rail, adjust the focus using the knob.
At correct setting The leveling rod scale and the sighting crosshair do not move one after another.
After focusing, keep the level on a specific target.

Use the focus knob to add sharpness.

Precautions are similar to those given for laser models, but additional care will be required when handling the lens.

Guarantee

Standard warranties exclude cases of mechanical damage.

Bubble, magnetic and hydro - refer to hand tools. They rarely have a warranty of more than 12 months. Most manufacturers do not provide detailed conditions for these types of tools.

Laser - depending on the manufacturer and category of the tool (household or professional), a warranty of 1 to 3 years is provided.

Optical - standard warranty period of one year. But the narrowness of the niche forces manufacturers to resort to tricks. Some provide a tool warranty of up to 25 years.

The warranty period can begin from the date of purchase or shipment. In the second case, it is appropriate to clarify how much time the tool spent in the warehouse.

Malfunctions and repairs

The weak links are different parts - their set depends on the type of tool.

Bubble and magnetic

The main problem is related to the loss of correctness of measurements.

Flask with bubble knocked down - the readings will no longer be accurate; the error can reach several cm per meter. In budget models, bulb adjustment is not provided - the tool is unsuitable for use with this malfunction. In other cases, tightening the screw fasteners or fixing clamps will return the level to correct readings. During setup, calibration is performed in the same way as when selecting a tool.
Profile bent - this happens with impacts and falls. The instrument cannot be repaired; it will no longer give accurate readings.
Crack in the protective glass of the flask - in collapsible models, the part is replaced with an analogue one. In this case, solid cast levels cannot be repaired.

Minor problems: broken protective pads and handles, falling off magnets are corrected by replacing the obsolete part with a new one.

Hydraulic levels

Malfunctions of hydraulic levels come down to three types:

Hose burst or cracked . Occurs as a result of mechanical damage or freezing of an instrument filled with water. As a temporary measure, you can seal it with a layer of nail polish and wrap it with electrical tape. Complete repairs and replacement of the hose are often unprofitable - the costs are comparable to purchasing a new hydraulic level.
Cracks in flasks - temporary measures are similar to those presented in the previous paragraph, but instead of electrical tape there should be a transparent material so that the vests can be seen. Replacement may not be necessary in mild cases. In serious cases, it is necessary to change it, since the defect will affect the accuracy of the tool.
Broken or lost protective caps - the simplest case. They can be replaced plastic lids from soda.

Laser

The fix is often impossible to do on your own due to the need for special tools.

Pendulum shift - the instrument does not work correctly, with deviations in horizontal and vertical measurements. This happens after the device is dropped or carried with an unlocked pendulum. Restoration will require offset adjustment. The warranty does not cover such damage.
The beam does not light - the malfunction is caused by a break in the wiring or incorrect operation of the batteries. In the first case, you will need to remove the cover of the device and replace the flexible wiring going to the pendulum. In the second case, it is often enough to unclench and strip the contacts or change the batteries. Both options lend themselves self-repair.
Instability of readings - As a rule, you will need to change the suspension bearing. This is a rare case, but is guaranteed if there are no mechanical damages.
Buttons don't work - there are several possible breakdowns, of which only clogged contacts can be repaired independently. The keyboard may not function as a result of frequent use in dusty areas. Clogged contacts will need to be cleaned mechanically. The procedure can be done at home.

In difficult cases, the keyboard will need to be replaced. When the coating is membrane, it is impossible to repair the device without special skills.

Optical

Problems with optical levels are solved systematically or by replacing parts. Repairs with improvised tools are often inapplicable.

Compensator sticking - to solve the problem, the standard calibration procedure is performed several times. In case of serious errors, the instrument will require service.
Cracked lens or mirror . You need to purchase a similar part. The optical lens can be replaced by yourself.
The adjustment is out of order - the device will need to be adjusted. The screw fastener is loosened, the plate with the mesh is aligned. To do this, the horizontal thread is placed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tool, and the vertical thread is aligned plumb.

Problems in the operation of electronics, serious mechanical damage, repair of the site or re-tensioning of torsion bars will require the intervention of specialists.

Manufacturers

Manufacturers are represented in different price categories. The correlation between prices and quality is often insignificant.

ADA - manufacturer of diagnostic and measuring equipment. The company is multinational. Digital and shockproof level types, professional tool. Warranties are not specified. Website: rus.adainstruments.com.

Bosch - German manufacturer of equipment. Rotary, linear and point laser levels, digital levels. The tool is presented in a professional ( Blue colour) and household format (green). Standard warranty. Valid for 12 months from the date of purchase. Additionally, a long-term promotion is taking place, within the framework of which cases with mechanical confirmation of the instrument are recognized as warranty. Website: www.bosch-professional.com.

FIT - budget manufacturer of power tools. Torpedoes and laser levels are available in a minimum configuration. The tool is certified, a network of service centers. Warranty terms have not been announced. Website: www.fit-instrument.ru.

Kapro - an international manufacturer from Israel specializing in measuring instruments. Digital, magnetic, aluminum levels with ergonomic design, comply with Russian standards, certified. The warranty period is 12 months. Website: kapro.com.

KRAFTOOL - manufacturer of professional hand tools. Available in magnetic, digital, clamshell and box models. No warranty or certification declared. Website: kraftool-instrument.ru.

Stabila - manufacturer from Germany. The company specializes in measuring instrument. The range includes 120 construction products, including telescopic and special models. No warranty provided. Website: www.stabila.com.

Stanley - hand and power tools, including measuring ones. Average price category. Certification available. Plain and magnetic models available. No warranty specified. Website: www.stanleyrussia.com.

Zubr - budget manufacturer of household and professional tool, But measuring instruments presented in the middle price category. Basic and enhanced models. No warranty stated. Website: zubr-instrument.ru.