Lianas and climbing plants - photos of varieties, cultivation, planting and care. Far Eastern ornamental exotic plants Ornamental plants in the Far East

You can get some idea of ​​the Far Eastern taiga without leaving the city of Khabarovsk. Amur velvet (cork), Manchurian walnut, and Mongolian oak grow on the streets and boulevards. Moreover, in the very center of Khabarovsk you can step straight from the asphalt heat into the arches of the cool Ussuri forest. The arboretum of the Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute is located here.

Walk along its alleys and you will see with your own eyes how Amur wild grapes, Chinese lemongrass and other vines entwine the trunks of birch and spruce trees. You will be enchanted by the palm-like Aralia. You will marvel at the Maak bird cherry, whose trunk resembles a yellowbark birch, and stand in awe at the living relic - the pointed yew, which grows only in the Far East. This patriarch of the plant kingdom lives up to three thousand years.

In the Khabarovsk arboretum you will see majestic Korean cedars, mausoleum pine, iron birch drowning in water, Manchurian walnut with meter-long feathery leaves, and slender Ayan spruce. And here are the wild fruit trees - Ussuri pear, Manchurian apricot, Manchurian apple tree. There are even mulberries with edible fruits - this is the most winter-hardy mulberry in the world. Among the numerous vines, Actinidia kolomikta stands out, the sweet fragrant berries of which are so similar to candy.

Many trees growing in the Far Eastern taiga are famous for their beautiful and durable wood. This is Manchurian ash and the already mentioned Amur velvet and Manchurian walnut. Ash and walnut plywood is used for furniture finishing. It is interesting that when the first products of Khabarovsk cabinetmakers were sent to Moscow, they looked closely at the furniture there for a long time, trying to understand how the artists managed to subtly work with precious woods. And they were even more surprised when they found out that this was not an imitation at all. It is difficult to list even the most interesting plants representing the Far Eastern forests in the arboretum. There are thirteen species of birch trees alone.

And how many bushes! Various spirea in foamy inflorescences, cheerful bicolor lespedeza, Dahurian rhododendron, covered as if with moths, pink flowers. Others attract attention by their names alone - the legendary lure, the “devil's bush” - Eleutherococcus.

The arboretum contains an enormous amount of floristic wealth. But this is not just a collection. All these hundreds and hundreds of trees, shrubs, grasses of the Far Eastern taiga forest live their natural forest life. The hum of bees, the trills of birds and the persistent mushroom spirit in autumn. It’s worth coming here in the spring just to enjoy the birdsong. Many tropical birds nest here every year. The gentle flute melodies of the black-headed oriole, the thoughtful trills of the rock thrush, the perky songs of warblers, and the cheerful voices of Ussuri greenfinches enchant the soul.

It is also worth visiting the arboretum to admire the festive carnival of flowers. Unforgettable days of flowering of the Far Eastern lilac. The white flame of mock orange and the splashes of living dawn - terry almonds, lacquered lily petals and the fragrance of roses - what a luxurious celebration of nature!

The Arboretum in Khabarovsk is both an exhibition hall of the Ussuri taiga and a collection of the most interesting representatives of other plant zones that have been successfully acclimatized here.

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Grape

In gardens and personal plots, you can choose a warmer place for planting grapes, for example, on the sunny side of the house, garden pavilion, or veranda. It is recommended to plant grapes along the border of the site. The vines formed in one line will not take up much space and at the same time will be well lit from all sides. Near buildings, grapes must be placed so that they are not exposed to water flowing from the roofs. On level areas it is necessary to make ridges with good drainage due to drainage furrows. Some gardeners, following the experience of their colleagues from the western regions of the country, dig deep planting holes and fill them with organic fertilizers and fertilized soil. The holes, dug in waterproof clay, are a kind of closed vessel that is filled with water during the monsoon rains. In fertile land root system The grapes develop well at first, but as soon as waterlogging begins, they suffocate. Deep holes can play a positive role on soils where good natural drainage, permeable subsoil is provided, or reclamation artificial drainage is possible. Planting grapes

You can quickly restore an outdated grape bush using the layering method (“katavlak”). For this purpose, healthy vines of a neighboring bush are placed in grooves dug to the place where the dead bush used to grow, and covered with earth. The top is brought to the surface, from which a new bush then grows. Lignified vines are laid on layering in the spring, and green ones - in July. They are not separated from the mother bush for two to three years. A frozen or very old bush can be restored by short pruning to healthy above-ground parts or by pruning to the “black head” of an underground trunk. In the latter case, the underground trunk is freed from the ground and completely cut down. Not far from the surface, new shoots grow from dormant buds, due to which a new bush is formed. Neglected and severely frost-damaged grape bushes are restored due to stronger fatty shoots formed in the lower part of the old wood and the removal of weakened sleeves. But before removing the sleeve, a replacement is formed. Grape care

A gardener starting to grow grapes needs to thoroughly study the structure grapevine and the biology of this most interesting plant. Grapes are vine (climbing) plants and require support. But it can spread along the ground and take root, as is observed with Amur grapes in a wild state. The roots and aboveground part of the stem grow quickly, branch strongly and reach large sizes. Under natural conditions, without human intervention, a branched bush of grapes grows with many vines of different orders, which begins to bear fruit late and produces crops irregularly. In cultivation, grapes are shaped and the bushes are given an easy-to-maintain shape that provides high yield quality bunches. Vine

Schisandra

In the literature devoted to climbing lianas, the methods of preparing planting holes and the planting itself are unnecessarily complicated. It is proposed to dig trenches and holes up to 80 cm deep, lay drainage from broken bricks and shards, install a pipe to the drainage for feeding, fill it with special soil, etc. When planting several bushes in collective gardens, similar preparation is still possible; but the recommended pit depth is not suitable for the Far East, where the thickness of the root layer reaches 30 cm at best and is most often underlain by waterproof subsoil. No matter what kind of drainage is laid, a deep hole will inevitably turn out to be a closed vessel where water will accumulate during the monsoon rains, and this will entail damping off and rotting of the roots from lack of air. And the roots of actinidia and lemongrass vines, as already noted, spread in the taiga in the surface layer of soil. Planting lemongrass

Schisandra chinensis, or schisandra, has several names - lemon Tree, red grapes, gomisha (Japanese), cochinta, kodzyanta (Nanai), kolchita (Ulch), usimtya (Udege), uchampu (Oroch). In terms of structure, systemic relationship, center of origin and distribution, Schisandra chinensis has nothing in common with the real citrus plant lemon, but all its organs (roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, berries) exude the aroma of lemon, hence the name Schisandra. The schisandra vine that clings or wraps around a support, along with Amur grapes and three types of actinidia, is an original plant of the Far Eastern taiga. Its fruits, like real lemons, are too sour to be consumed fresh, but they have medicinal properties and a pleasant aroma, and this has attracted a lot of attention to it. The taste of Schisandra chinensis berries improves somewhat after frost. Local hunters who consume such fruits claim that they relieve fatigue, invigorate the body and improve vision. The consolidated Chinese pharmacopoeia, compiled back in 1596, states: “the fruit of Chinese lemongrass has five tastes, classified as the first category of medicinal substances. The pulp of lemongrass is sour and sweet, the seeds are bitter and astringent, and in general the taste of the fruit is salty. Thus, All five tastes are present in it." Grow lemongrass

The Far East is an amazing territory, whose nature can surprise with its diversity, beauty and even a certain fabulousness. And the flora of this region is so rich that a detailed list of it would take more than one page. Thus, a significant area of ​​the Far East is covered with mixed forests. Let's talk on this page www.site about what the mixed forests of the Russian Far East are in a little more detail, let's remember which plants in mixed forests are more common than others, including trees characteristic of these territories.

The main feature of the mixed forests of the Far East is that in these places the Siberian taiga, as well as the subtropics, come together, mixing in the most amazing way. Moody spruce trees can be fancifully wrapped in bunches of wild grapes, and cedar and larch can grow near a cork tree, as well as near a Manchurian walnut. The mountain slopes can be covered with larch with birch undergrowth, and cranberries can be found in its moss cover. And just a few meters away, a linden forest with lush thickets of prickly aralia and fragrant jasmine bushes grows safely.

Plants of mixed forests of the Far East. General list

Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover approximately 60% of its territory. Mixed forests are represented by coniferous-deciduous forests.

The dominant coniferous species are whole-leaf fir and Korean pine. Korean cedar also occupies a significant place. Whole-leaved fir forms forests, in all layers of which there are different heat-loving representatives, including hornbeam and small-fruited trees, actinidia, Sakhalin cherry, Manchurian and false Siebold maples, dimorphant, etc.

Also, the mixed forests of Russia's Far East are rich in the most different types linden, for example, Amur, Take and Manchurian. They contain elms, for example, valley and mountain. In addition, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut and other types of maples (small-leaved, greenbark, etc.) grow in the Far East. The second canopy of the tree layer consists of Amur akatnik, mountain ash (Amur and bicolor), Amur lilac, Maksimovich cherry, etc.

As for shrubs, the mixed forests of the Far East include mock orange, honeysuckle, eleutherococcus, aralia, weigela, euonymus, Manchurian hazel, etc.

In forest clearings, as well as along the edges, various trees and shrubs are entwined with vines; in total, there are about fifteen species. The most famous plants of this type are Amur grapes, Chinese lemongrass, among them are also vineyard, red bladder, actinidia, etc.

As for the grass cover, in mixed forests it can be either poorly developed or dense, quite high and at the same time diverse. In particular, many flowering herbs are found on the edges of the forest, as well as in its clearings. The most common crops of this type are volzhanka, meadowsweet, lilies of the valley, lilies, lilies and others.

In spring, before the leaves bloom, ephemeroids appear on trees and shrubs, pleasing the eye with their bright colors. Such plants include forest poppy, adonis, anemone, and corydalis. After the death of the ephemeroids, various ferns appear: osmund, adiantum, woodsia, etc.

Main trees of mixed forest in the Far East

The whole-leaved fir is the tallest tree in the Far East; its height can exceed forty-five meters, and its diameter is one and a half meters. This tree is characterized by a powerful, beautiful spreading crown and has valuable wood.

Ayan spruce is considered a classic representative of mixed forests of the Far East. It usually reaches a height of up to forty meters. This tree produces small cones, no more than three to five centimeters long, and is considered one of the most important species in the timber industry.

The hornbeam is a fairly recognizable plant; its trunk is wrapped in silvery ribbons, similar to the skin of a snake. Usually the tree reaches ten to twelve meters in height, less often - fifteen meters. It grows slowly.

Smallcarp is a fairly common plant with edible fruits. Most often, the height of the tree does not exceed eighteen meters; its crown may look narrow, pyramidal or ovoid (the shape depends on the level of illumination). Trees can grow in groups or on their own.

Sakhalin cherry can reach fifteen meters in height. This plant blooms in May and produces small, bitter, spherical fruits that are inedible.

The Manchurian maple is a slender and attractive tree that usually reaches twenty meters in height. The bark on its trunk is painted in light gray tones, and the leaves have a complex shape and are gracefully trifoliate.

The False Siebold Maple is a beautiful small tree or shrub that resembles the Siebold Maple, which is native to Japan. This plant has small, round, beautifully cut leaves, and is characterized by a surprisingly graceful tiered growth habit. The false siebold maple is found in the shrub layer of forests on rocky slopes, and its leaves decorate the slopes with luxurious flowers ranging from orange-yellow to wine-red.

Small-leaved maple is a small tree - its average height does not exceed fifteen meters. The plant has a pyramidal crown, five or seven-fingered leaves.

The main difference between the greenbark maple is the bark, colored green color and covered with vertical white stripes, its color changes to dark gray with age. The height of the plant is also small - no more than fifteen meters. The crown width is no more than nine meters; the tree can grow like a shrub.

Another vegetation of the mixed forests of the Far East is a dimorphant, also known as calopanax. Such a culture can reach twenty-five meters in height, its main feature is beautiful and large five or seven-lobed leaves, whose length can reach twenty-five to thirty centimeters. Dimorphant is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Among the common trees of mixed forests of the Far East is also Korean cedar. This is a giant tree that can reach forty meters in height and two meters in diameter. Korean cedar can live up to five hundred years; it has strong, durable and beautiful wood. The seeds of such a plant are the most important food source.

Trees growing in a mixed forest, as we mentioned above, are adjacent to linden trees. Amur linden is a common leaf tree, which reaches twenty-five to thirty meters in height. Most often, this culture grows on the lower parts of mountain slopes, as well as in river valleys. This species of linden is similar to the small-leaved linden.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, the Amur linden is usually adjacent to the take linden; it grows to the same size, and its main difference is the dense red pubescence of the petioles of the leaves, as well as young shoots.

As for the Manchurian linden, it differs from the varieties already listed in its drooping inflorescence and larger leaf size.

These three varieties of linden trees bloom in different time of the year. At the end of June, the Amur linden begins to bloom, a week later - the Take linden, and the last to bloom is the Manchurian linden. Linden, or rather its color, is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Such a common tree as the valley elm can be easily recognized by its wide-spreading, seemingly broken crown, which is bordered by long, thin and light gray branches. The branches of such trees are planted with flower heads, which are collected in bunches, and in winter they look like rounded buds.

As for the mountain elm, its crown has a wide cylindrical shape; the tree can reach thirty meters in height. The bark is colored brown and looks deeply riddled with cracks. The leaves are large and rough.

Manchurian ash is considered a fairly common tree in the mixed forests of the Far East. It has a slender columnar trunk and a highly raised crown. Such trees are considered one of the largest in this part of Russia and can reach thirty-five meters in height.

Manchurian nut is a relative of everyone's favorite walnut. This tree has a spreading crown and can reach twenty-five to thirty meters in height. This type of nut has long been used by our ancestors for medicinal purposes: to treat diathesis, diarrhea, rickets and stomach diseases.

Also in the forests of the Far East, Amur velvet is found, which is a dioecious, perennial and deciduous tree with a beautiful openwork crown and feathery leaves. Such a culture can reach twenty-eight meters in height, and its distinctive feature– the specific aroma of the leaves, which can be felt after rubbing them in your hands. The fruits of Amur velvet are used in folk medicine: for therapy diabetes mellitus, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, hypertension, etc.

Amur akatnik is another tree of the mixed forests of the Far East, it can reach a height of twenty-five meters and has surprisingly valuable wood that is resistant to aggressive influences. Amur akatnik is actively used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antitumor, expectorant and analgesic.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, rowan trees are also found: Amur and bicolor. Amur rowan is a small tree (4-15m in height), and bicolor usually ranges from 7 to 10m in height. This culture produces juicy, bittersweet and tart fruits, which are a source of significant amounts of ascorbic acid and have multivitamin, antiscorbutic, choleretic, astringent and diuretic properties.

Amur lilac is a common low-growing tree, it blooms late, and the color of its leaves may vary depending on the season. Flowers of this culture are characterized small size, cream or white in color, they are collected in large inflorescences that smell pleasantly of honey.

A well-known tree of the Far East is also the blood-red hawthorn. It is a short tree that rarely grows more than three to four meters in height. This plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes; cardiotonic drugs and drugs that regulate blood circulation are prepared on its basis.

Shrubs

One of the most beautiful bushes Among the mixed forests of the Far East is the mock orange, which can reach a height of three meters. This plant has quite attractive large flowers, thanks to which it is often mistakenly called jasmine.

Another representative of the shrubs is honeysuckle. It can reach one and a half to two and a half meters in height, and its fruits are actively used for therapeutic purposes: to prevent cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments.

Eleutherococcus senticosus is also considered a widely known medicinal shrub of the Far East. Its height reaches four to five meters in height, and the rhizomes and roots of this culture are used to prepare a liquid extract and other medicines that have a general tonic and adaptogenic effect.

Occasionally in the forests of the Far East you can find high aralia or Manchurian aralia. This shrub usually grows singly or in small groups, preferring well-lit places. Aralia is actively used for therapeutic purposes; its components have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

Similar medicinal qualities has another famous shrub of the Far East - Acanthopanax sessile flower, also known as a healing herb. This plant is used by gardeners to grow for decorative purposes.

Weigela is also considered a common shrub in the mixed forests of the Far East. This culture usually reaches a height of no more than one and a half meters. It pleases the eye with large flowers (up to five centimeters) of different colors - red or pink.

Also among the shrubs there are winged euonymuses. They usually reach a height of one to two meters. Such plants look especially decorative in the fall - their leaves and fruits turn red in different shades. It is worth noting that euonymus are poisonous.

Also a common shrub in the mixed forests of the Far East is Manchurian hazel. It reaches three to four and a half meters in height. In forests, such a plant plays the role of undergrowth; in clearings, it can form thickets.

Also in this group of plants is buckthorn, a perennial low shrub (usually one to three meters tall). The bark of this plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes: for internal and external use. Buckthorn bark has a pronounced laxative effect and is used as a choleretic and anthelmintic agent.

Lianas

Actinidia kolomikta is a fairly common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East; it is a woody vine, the thickness of its trunk can reach two to five centimeters in diameter. Interesting feature Actinidia are leaves that change color. At first they are bronze, then green, before flowering they become bright white, and after flowering they turn pinkish, then crimson-red.

Amur grapes are common in the forests of the Far East, its vines rise to the tops of trees, entwining them, and they can also creep along bushes, grasses, stones or stumps. This powerful vine can reach twenty to thirty meters in length, and in the fall its leaves turn attractive reddish, purple, chestnut and transitional tones. The berries are edible and reach 1.2 cm in diameter.

Schisandra chinensis, a liana-like perennial climbing plant, is also considered a well-known plant in the mixed forests of the Far East. This plant is actively used in folk medicine as a stimulant and tonic for the central nervous system.

Another liana found in the Far East is the red bladder (tree pliers). It is a creeping or weakly climbing shrub that can reach two and a half to five meters in length. The roots of this culture are used for medicinal purposes; medicines based on them help improve blood circulation and cure skin diseases.

Also a common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East is the vineyard - a deciduous woody vine that climbs a support, fixed with twisting tendrils. The fruits of this crop reach 0.7-0.9 cm in diameter and are inedible.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, Dioscorea nipponensis can also be found - a perennial vine that can reach a length of four meters. This crop tends to colonize secondary plant communities that form after clearings and fires. Dioscorea nipponensis is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Herbs

Forest Volzhanka is a common grass that feels great on the edges and clearings. This plant is a perennial and can reach a meter or more in height. In summer, Volzhanka blooms beautifully - with small white or cream flowers that gather in large inflorescences thirty to sixty centimeters long.

Meadowsweet is another common herb found in mixed forests of the Far East. This culture grows very quickly over large areas, reaching a height of sixty to one hundred centimeters. Meadowsweet can be used in medicinal purposes, and is also a good honey plant.

Lily of the valley is often found on the edges and clearings of mixed forests. Its amazingly beautiful and fragrant flowers are familiar to every person. They are painted white and shaped like bells. Lilies of the valley are often used for medicinal purposes.

Wild lilies can also be found in mixed forests of the Far East. It is believed that in such a climatic zone several varieties of such plants can be found, represented by drooping, false tiger, calloused, two-row and honey lilies. Such plants usually grow on edges and slopes.

Krasnodnev is a common grass that is found on the outskirts of mixed forests, in clearings, slopes and among bushes. It is also known as daylily due to its characteristic shaped flowers.

Also in the forests of the Far East you can find aconite (fighter), it can grow quickly, forming gloomy thickets. Such a plant can reach a height of one and a half to two meters; it is very poisonous, although it attracts attention with its dense, tall inflorescences.

Among the mixed forests, the lure is occasionally found, which got its name thanks to the bright red juicy berries that attract (lure) birds. But it is very difficult for people and four-legged animals to reach them, since its parts are covered with very sharp thorns.

Another amazing plant of the Far East is ginseng. This culture has been known since ancient times; Chinese healers have been using its root for therapeutic purposes for four millennia. But it is not easy to find it in the forest, because it hides in bushes, ferns and at the bottom of ravines.

Stinging nettle is also a common herb in the mixed forests of the Far East. This weed is known for its ability to cause a strong burning sensation upon contact with the skin. In addition, it is actively used by traditional medicine specialists as a hemostatic agent and cosmetic composition.

Occasionally, on the edges of mixed forests of the Far East, you can find hemlock grass. This is a biennial poisonous plant that has a mass healing properties. Traditional medicine specialists advise using it for the treatment of very serious diseases, including cancer.

Ephemeroids

Such plants are characterized by an extremely short growing season, which occurs at the most optimal time of year. Among them, forest poppy is a perennial whose height usually does not exceed twenty to forty centimeters. This is a poisonous plant that can be used for medicinal purposes, as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and sedative.

Adonis is another ephemeral found in mixed forests of the Far East. This plant is also known as adonis due to its large, brightly colored flowers. Adonis is actively used for therapeutic purposes, as an anticonvulsant, diuretic and sedative.

Another ephemera is anemone. It usually grows in bushes, forest edges and hills. This grass got its name due to its sensitivity to wind, because even a slight air movement causes it to flutter and cause the flowers on long stalks to sway.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East, several varieties of corydalis are found (deceptive corydalis, smoke-leaved corydalis, spaced corydalis and Bush corydalis). Typically, such plants reach a height of no more than twenty-five centimeters; they stand out with attractive small flowers of different colors: pink-violet, bluish-lilac, lilac, sky blue, etc.

Ferns

Ferns are among the most ancient plants on Earth. Among them are osmundas, which have large, feathery, non-wintering leaves of a light green color. In particularly favorable conditions, these plants can reach a height of two hundred centimeters, but their average height is eighty to one hundred centimeters.

Adiantums are among the small ferns of mixed forests of the Far East. The leaves of these plants are painted in light green colors, they are arranged in the shape of a fan. Typically, the height of this type of fern does not exceed fifty centimeters.

Another low-growing fern of the Far East is woodsia. This plant usually does not grow more than twenty centimeters in length. This type of fern sheds its leaves for the winter, but looks very decorative, so many gardeners strive to cultivate it on their plots.

Various mixed forests grow in the Far East, the plants of which we examined today. We can talk about such crops and their unique properties for a very long time. It's time to end the story for today. We will continue this topic in future publications.

Good afternoon everyone!
I’ll tell you about the adaptogen plants that grow on my site.
On this support there are friendly neighbors:

Eleutherococcus has a very prickly trunk, like a rose hip, five-legged leaves and these are the berries in the fall. They have a stimulating and restorative effect, increase a person’s mental performance, reduce fatigue during physical activity, improve hearing and vision. I have never tried it, and I don’t know how to use it. Grows as an ornamental shrub. If anyone can share advice on their experience of using it, I would be grateful. In 4 years it has grown more than 2 meters, does not bush, and stretches upward. They didn't care for me at all. It grows on its own and even multiplies; it has produced layering from the root.
In the photo above it is on the left, a layer is visible a little to the right.

2. Actinidia kolomikta. Many people know this vine, and much has been written about it on the Hacienda. Tastes like kiwi. Ours does not ripen evenly, everyone comes up, checks by touch and picks the ripe berries. There is nothing left for preparations; everything is eaten raw. It takes cuttings well, we propagated it from cuttings. They covered the cats from below with a net. They write on the Internet that 5 berries provide daily dose vitamin C. The leaves are very beautiful and come in different shades, green, gray and silver. It also grows on its own, we don’t do anything in terms of care. Weeded while the young cuttings took root.

Schisandra chinensis. In both scientific and folk medicine, Chinese lemongrass is used as a powerful tonic for overwork and exhaustion. nervous system, reduced mental and physical performance. Schisandra promotes longer retention of strength and energy in people engaged in heavy mental or physical labor. But we treat this plant tenderly and reverently, and try in every possible way to propagate it. Propagation by dividing large bushes in early spring, as soon as the snow melts, we constantly monitor the new seedling so that it is always moist and watered until it takes root and sprouts new branches. If the whip reaches the support, it grows much faster. Experienced the healing properties for yourself.

This year's harvest.

Recipe for medicinal tincture.
1.5 cups of lemongrass berries, a glass of honey (if you don’t have it, you can also have a glass of sugar), and half a liter of high-quality vodka. Mix in a jar and shake once a week. In a three-liter jar it is convenient to make a double portion, a liter of vodka, three glasses of berries, and two glasses of honey or sugar. After 2-3 months, the tincture becomes dark ruby ​​in color and is ready for use. Words cannot describe the taste.

Sugar on the left, honey on the right. Made yesterday.

At the first sign of a cold, use one glass before bed and in the morning it will be much easier. Dramatically increases immunity and restores strength. Not recommended for high blood pressure.

There is also Leuzea safroliformes (maral root) on the site, also an adaptogen.
We don’t know how to use it. Blooms beautifully in summer. The inflorescence is similar to milk thistle. Only the flower is much larger. Friends we knew cut off half of their bush with a shovel, it took root and bloomed in the first year. The only maintenance is weeding.

World of plants- the greatest miracle of nature, the kingdom of beauty and our healing wealth. In the structure of the biosphere, the entire animal world can be considered as its consuming organs, and plant organs as energy-producing organs. So the role flora in a person's life is difficult to overestimate. In general, it is a powerful component of the physical and mental health of humans and animals. It is known that since ancient times, plants have been used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. For thousands of years, plants have been selected for these purposes in each region, and therapeutic and preventive recipes have been created (India, Tibet, China, Mongolia).

Interest in medicinal plants and preparations made from them is determined by the entire way of life of mankind. Harmful effects of chemicals found in environment, synthetic drugs to which humans are not evolutionarily adapted, chemical nutritional supplements lead to allergic diseases.

In connection with the above, the issues of searching for resources and isolating from them drugs that have tonic, adaptation, antioxidant and other types of actions are becoming very relevant at present. They are necessary for rehabilitation, prevention, protection from stress, for the correction of certain physiological functions in oncology, geriatrics, etc. As experimental studies have shown, many of medicinal plants used in folk medicine for allergic conditions, have pronounced antihistamine activity, for example Common lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Essential oils and terpene fractions wild rosemary (Ledum palustre) in acute inflammatory conditions, they prevent the development of vascular disorders and associated exudative phenomena.

In the process of evolution, plants changed and adapted to certain environmental conditions, climate, solar and cosmic influences. As a result, they accumulated environmental and biochemical information, including biologically active substances (BAS), necessary for their own life and, as it turned out, for humans and animals. Despite the active development in Lately chemical and pharmaceutical industries, creation of new highly efficient medicines, healing herbs continue to occupy an important place in the arsenal of therapeutic agents. They are especially often used at home.

Richness and variety Far Eastern flora admired its researchers. The plant kingdom of the southern part of the Far East is especially impressive. Untouched by glaciations, it is a bizarre mixture of evolutionarily young and very ancient, relict plants that grew here millions of years ago, back in the Lower Cretaceous. The close proximity of northern and southern, taiga and steppe species is striking. The life forms of plants are also diverse, and trees are also found. shrubs, subshrubs, annual and perennial herbs; There are also woody vines that climb to a height of more than 20 meters.

A special place in the Far Eastern flora is occupied by plants with medicinal properties. Of the more than 2 thousand species growing in Primorye and Priamuye, more than half are medicinal. Among them there are both those that have received worldwide recognition and plants that were used only by the local population. Some of the species are common to those growing in the European part of Russia - these are celandine, wild rosemary, and calamus. Other plants - Keizke's lily of the valley, motherwort, Amur and Korean valerian are unique to our region, however, being closely related to European species, they have similar chemical composition and application. We also have many plants that have no analogues in the vegetation of other regions of our country. These include the entire Araliaceae family, representatives of which are found only in the Far East, with the exception of ivy, which grows in western regions countries. Finally, you can often find plants that are not indigenous to the vegetation of the south of the Far East; they appeared here solely thanks to man. This is the well-known oregano and sea buckthorn.

Currently, medicinal plants are widely used in medicine, veterinary medicine and the food industry as food additives. Preparations from plants are prescribed for the treatment of various diseases of the cardiovascular, digestive, bronchopulmonary systems and other diseases. They are also used for the prevention of digestive disorders, hypovitaminosis, metabolic disorders and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

A variety of dietary supplements have appeared that represent various extracts active substances or simply chopped plants.

The advantage of medicinal plants is their low toxicity and the possibility of long-term use without pronounced effects. side effects. In case of functional disorders and mild forms of pathology, preference should be given to medicinal plants for maintenance therapy.

Medicinal plants- the oldest and never fully replenished treasury of medicines and technical raw materials. After all, pharmacists obtain about half of all medicines from plants. The aphorism of ancient healers remains unforgettable today: “The doctor has three tools - the word, the plant and the knife”.

Here is a list of some medicinal plants of the Far East:

Ranunculaceae family - Ranunculaceae

Family Araceae - Araceae

Actinidia family - Actinidiaceae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

Heather family - Ericaceae

Family Saxifraga - Saxifragaceae

Barberry family - Berberidaceae

Family Rutaceae —Rutaceae

Lingonberry family - Vacciniaceae

Valerian family - Valerianaceae

Grape family - Vitaceae

Buckwheat family - Polygonaceae

Family Asteraceae - Compositae

Legume family - Leguminosae

Beech family - Fagaceae

Family Lamiaceae - Labiatae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

Municipal educational institution

Secondary school No. 1

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Lianas

Far East

https://pandia.ru/text/80/140/images/image005_45.gif" width="154" height="140 src=">Food industry" href="/text/category/pishevaya_promishlennostmz/" rel=" bookmark">food industry. The role of lianas is significant as a valuable breeding and genetic fund for the development of new varieties, since Far Eastern species have important hereditary properties: high frost resistance, productivity and immunity against a number of fungal diseases. Research on woody lianas in natural habitats is relevant due to the need to preserve natural populations due to the reduction of their habitats during the massive industrial development of forest areas.

In Quaternary time to continents Northern Hemisphere Ice sheets have advanced. However, the warming influence of the ocean saved the southern regions of the Far Eastern region, where heat-loving vegetation was preserved, from glaciation. At the same time, the general cooling caused by glaciation brought with it the plants and fauna of the taiga and the polar tundra.

The result of this mixture of southern and northern forms of flora and fauna is an amazing diversity and rare combination of cold- and heat-loving plants: tree-like vines twine around the trunks of taiga spruce trees, reindeer coexist with the Amur tiger.

Let's look at some types of vines found in the Far East

Actinidia are relict plants preserved in East Asia since the Tertiary period, when our Far East had a subtropical climate. Later, due to the glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere, climatic conditions became more severe. However, glaciation did not affect some areas of the Far East, but had a negative impact on the climate. Due to cold weather a large number of The tertiary flora of the Far East disappeared and only a few, including actinidia, adapted to the changed conditions and survived to this day.

The genus includes about 30 species, distributed mostly in Central and East Asia, as well as on the island of Java. Dioecious or monoecious vines with large, simple, finely serrated, less often entire, alternate leaves; fragrant, mostly white flowers; edible or decorative berry-like fruits.

Most actinidia are valuable fruit plants with tasty, tender, aromatic fruits. Almost all species are used in ornamental gardening for vertical gardening.

Actinidia kolomikta - A. kolomikta (Maxim.) Maxim.

The most famous species in culture. It is found in the Far East in mixed and coniferous forests on mountain slopes up to an altitude of 1000-1800 m above sea level.

A fruiting and decorative dioecious liana-like shrub with thin, smooth, curly or erect branches, climbing to a height of up to 7 m. The shoots are weakly cranked, shiny, dark brown. With rather large wrinkled oblong-ovate leaves, with changing color: at the beginning of growth they are bronze, then green with a transition to dark green, before flowering (mainly in open places) the ends of most leaves become bright white, and after flowering - pink , then raspberry red. In combination with light brown, shiny young shoots, adult plants of this actinidia, even in a vegetative state, are very decorative. An extraordinary aroma flows near the plantings of this species during flowering, when white, single flowers on long drooping stalks up to 1.5 cm in diameter appear against the background of foliage. Flowering duration is up to 20 days. The fruits are cylindrical, up to 1.8 cm long, dark green, with dark longitudinal stripes, edible, aromatic, delicate taste. IN autumn period the leaves are colored pink, yellow, light yellow or violet-red.

Actinidia acute, or arguta- A. arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch, ex Miq.

Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, in forest clearings in the south of the Ussuri region, Japan, Korea, China.

The largest representative of the genus. In favorable conditions, it reaches a height of up to 30 m, with a trunk diameter at the root collar of 10-20 cm. The trunks look like powerful ropes that wrap around nearby trees. Climbing along trunks and branches to the very top, it develops a dense crown in the open space, and, spreading from tree to tree, gives the plantings an exotic look. The trunks are covered with light brown bark with a bluish coating, which on old shoots peels off in longitudinal stripes. Decorative, round-ovate leaves up to 15 cm long, very dense, glabrous, dark green above, glossy, with a wedge-shaped base and an elongated pointed apex; in autumn they turn yellow and light yellow. Male flowers are smaller, in loose semi-umbrellas, female flowers are single or three (up to 2 cm in diameter), greenish-white, almost odorless. Flowering duration is 7-10 days. Fruits of various shapes are multi-seeded berries (3x2 cm), dark green, fleshy, single-colored or tan on one side, soft when ripe, with the smell of pineapple, edible, sweet in taste, serve as an additional decoration during fruiting time. It grows from early May to early October, about 150 days. In the first 3 years it grows slowly.

Actinidia polygamous (polygamous,

nosed, pointed ) - A. polygama

(Sleb. et Zucc.) Maxim.

It grows in the southernmost tip of Primorye, on Sakhalin, Japan, Korea, and Northeast China.

It differs in a number of characteristics from the previously cited species. Outwardly, it is more similar to Actinidia kolomikta, but only smaller (up to 5 m), curls and branches weaker, but its leaves also change color during the growing season. The flowers are white, solitary, up to 2.5 cm in diameter,

fragrant, large. In terms of seasonal development, it is closer to actinidia acute. The shape of the fruits is more similar to the fruits of Actinidia kolomikta, differing from them in a pointed and slightly curved tip and a light orange color, inedible, since the pulp has a specific pungent taste, for which local residents call them “pepper”. Only after freezing does the burning taste of the fruit disappear. In the first 3 years, the growth rate is average. Blooms from 4 years old. Blooms from early June to early August, about 30 days. The fruits ripen at the end of September. 100% of spring cuttings take root without treatment with stimulants.

Less hardy than the other two species, but more decorative. Its bright fruits (up to 4 cm long), like lanterns against a background of dark greenery, make this species desirable in single plantings and in individual plots of hobbyists. It grows relatively quickly, tolerates shade, and blooms with white fragrant flowers. In culture since the 60s of the 19th century. Used for various vertical gardening

Amur grapes- V. amurensis Rupr.

In nature, Amur grapes are distributed in the Far East of Russia (Primorsky Territory and the south of Khabarovsk) and in the northeastern provinces of China. It grows in cedar-deciduous forests, but is more often found in river and stream valleys, in clearings, forest edges, lower and middle slopes of mountains, and on islands of large rivers. It develops best in clearings and burnt areas, where it forms dense, impenetrable thickets in places. In forests, Amur grape vines, in search of light, climb to the tops of trees and entwine them or creep along bushes, grasses, stumps and stones. In culture since the 50s of the 19th century.

Powerful deciduous vine, reaching 20-30 m in length; entwining the trunks of tall trees and spreading from one to another, it gives forests and parks a unique tropical look. The bark is dark brown, peeling off in longitudinal strips. Young shoots are green or dark green, whole or 3-5-lobed, wrinkled, with a matte surface, up to 22 cm. In autumn, the leaves are carmine-red, violet-carmine, brown-chestnut and transitional tones. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, yellowish, with a subtle pleasant aroma, collected in brushes of various shapes and sizes. Flowering lasts up to 20 days. The berries are thick-skinned, round, black, often with a bluish bloom, up to 1.2 cm in diameter, in loose cylindrical clusters, edible, with a taste ranging from sour to sweet.

Unlike the cultivated species, Amur grapes are a dioecious plant. There are vines with two types of flowers - male and female, but sometimes plants with bisexual flowers are found in nature. You can plant plants of both sexes, but you can limit yourself to planting vines with a functionally female type of flowering. In the latter case, the berries will be very small and the harvest will be lower, but all the berries will be seedless and raisin-shaped. Agree, this is a pleasant quality for a gardener. And with normal pollination, the fruits of Amur grapes contain from 1 to 3 (rarely 4) small seeds. Ripe berries are black with a blue bloom, round, from 8 to 18 mm in diameter (sultana berries are also

smaller). In some forms, the sugar content in the fruit reaches 22-23%, but usually the berries are more sour. The clusters can be large, comparable in number of berries (but, of course, not in weight) with bunches of cultivated grapes. In exceptional cases, the length of the bunches reaches 25 cm and the weight - 250 g (usually 20-70 g).

It grows quickly, shoots grow 2.5 m in a year. Light-loving, smoke- and gas-resistant, can be used for landscaping industrial enterprises. Amur grapes are moisture-loving; they need about 700 mm of precipitation per year.

Usage: for vertical gardening. True, Amur grapes awaken quite late (mid-second half of May), so in the spring they are not decorative. But from the moment the leaves bloom, the plant is truly beautiful. The leaves are often whole, but can be 3-5-lobed and even deeply cut with grooves of various shapes. And, of course, grapes with clusters are attractive. At first these clusters consist of yellowish small buds, then they open and

then you can see the very miniature stamens and pistils, and then the berries begin to set. The majority of mature plants have fruitful shoots, and a vine strewn with clusters cannot but please the eye.

But in landscaping, Amur grapes are most valued for the elegant autumn color of the leaves, which can be red, pink, scarlet, orange and are successfully combined with dark blue clusters. Liana is used to decorate the facades of residential buildings, gazebos, arches and other small architectural forms. If a metal mesh serves as a fence, then it is very good to plant Amur grapes along it. But it is not advisable to place it next to fruit trees and berry bushes.

A powerful vine - its length reaches 5-10 m, and sometimes 18-25 m - can easily drown out its neighbors.

Schisandra chinensis - S. chinensis (Turkz.) Your.

Grows in Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories. Southern Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Japan, China, Korea.

A valuable climbing, deciduous vine up to 15 m long, with a stem diameter of 2.5 cm. The bark is brownish-brown, flaky on older shoots, smooth, shiny on younger shoots, with a green bast, with a characteristic lemon smell, which is also characteristic of the leaves.

The leaves are slightly fleshy, elliptical or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, with few, sometimes indistinct teeth, and vary greatly in size and shape; in spring and summer, light green above, bare, shiny, bluish below, with slight pubescence along the veins. Leaf petioles are up to 3 cm long, pink or red. In autumn, the leaves turn ocher-yellow, yellow-orange tones. White, waxy, fragrant, dioecious flowers up to 2 cm in diameter on drooping pedicels up to 4 cm long are placed in groups of 3-5 in the leaf axil. From one flower, due to the greatly elongated receptacle, a composite fruit like a “brush” (up to 10 cm) is obtained, consisting of many spherical, red, two-seeded berries. The berries are juicy, sour, lemon-scented, edible. The seeds are kidney-shaped and remain viable only until spring. In culture for a very long time.

Usage: as a decorative vine for decorating walls, gazebos, etc., attracting attention with an abundance of greenery and modest flowers. It is most colorful in the fall, decorated with bright, abundant fruits that persist until lasting frosts and stand out effectively against the background of yellow-colored foliage, giving the plantings a unique appearance. An important and stable feature of Schisandra is its pronounced need for support along which it rises. Without support, both seedlings and adult plants form new shoots from the root collar, spreading along the ground, producing a lot of underground rhizomes and rhizome shoots. Such plants do not bloom.

Schisandra chinensis is one of the most interesting plants of the Far Eastern region. Its wonderful properties have long been known. Schisandra fruits give strength to a person during heavy physical exertion. It's natural natural stimulant central nervous system.

In Chinese medicine it was used as a means of giving strength after heavy physical work. Dried berries and lemongrass seeds were an essential component of the camping equipment of the eastern warrior and hunter. Among the indigenous population of the Far East it is known as the “berry of 5 tastes”. Pharmacies sell tincture and extract of schisandra seeds, which are used for diseases associated with low blood pressure, fatigue and as a strong astringent. Schisandra preparations have the property of enhancing the body's resistance to viral diseases with the "cold" syndrome.

Vineyard short-peduncle, or Ussuri- A. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.

It grows naturally in the Primorsky Territory, China, and Korea.

A small woody vine up to 5-7 m long. The stems are covered with light gray or slightly brownish bark; young shoots are yellowish-red; The hard-hairy, three-five-lobed leaves are large (up to 13 cm), dense, leathery, with sharp notches between the lobes, dark green above, somewhat wrinkled, lighter below. Dioecious, monoecious flowers are collected in wide, corymbose panicles. It blooms later than Amur grapes, for 60 days. The fruits are berries, bright blue, sometimes white, and ripen earlier.

Suffers from heat and dry air. Moderately frost-resistant, suitable only for indoor and container gardening. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, layering. In culture since 1870. Grow in containers, hanging baskets, decorate low walls, trellises in the summer time. Recommended for use where continuous wall covering is not required.

"Elegans"(Tricolor", "Variegata") - A slow-growing vine up to 1 m high can reach 3 m in protected places. The small leaves of this vine are densely covered with spots of white and pink. In autumn the leaves take on a golden hue. The fruits are pale lilac, in autumn when full

Reproduction: easily propagated by seeds, root suckers and cuttings. In addition, other types and varieties of grapes are grafted on it.

Usage: Maiden grapes deserve wider distribution in amateur gardening.

Prince brown (S. fusca).

Homeland: Northeast Asia (Far East, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands); China, Japan.

A herbaceous liana up to 4 m long. The leaves are compound, with 5-7 pointed-ovate leaflets. The flowers are drooping, goblet-shaped (urn-shaped), up to 2.5 cm in diameter. There are 4 sepals, they are oblong-ovate, fleshy, with tips bent outward, ribbed on the outside, dark dirty purple, brown or brown, pubescent. Blooms in July-August. There are up to 10 flowers on the shoot. Sets seeds. The flat seeds have a brown, pubescent nose up to 3 cm long. The seeds ripen in September. Shoots are pruned before winter. May be affected in the south powdery mildew. It usually blooms in the fourth year. Propagated by seeds and summer cuttings. Sown in April in a greenhouse, the seeds germinate in June of the same year. It can grow successfully south of the latitude of St. Petersburg, but is known even in Yakutsk.

Short-tailed Prince (S. brevicaudata DC.).

It grows in nature in the south of the Far East and Northern China along river and stream valleys, in thickets of bird cherry, willow, and among shrubs. It is very rare in landscaping, but is found in many botanical gardens in Russia from St. Petersburg in the north to Saratov in the south, as well as in Siberia and the Far East.

Its woody vine climbs trees to a height of 5-7 m with a vine thickness of up to 1.5 cm, and has numerous stems with longitudinally exfoliating bark. The leaves are pinnate with 5-7 or 3 leaflets, usually three-lobed with an entire or serrated margin. The flowers are numerous, white, 1-2 cm in diameter, mounted on long stalks, collected in elongated racemes. It blooms in September from 4 years on the shoots of the current year. Able to winter in middle lane without removing the vine from the support and without trimming the above-ground part. Propagated by seeds and green cuttings. Decorative with beautiful leaves.

Prince of Manchu (WITH.mianschurica= S.recta L. v. manschurica Maxim.).

Homeland: south of the Far East; Northeast China.

Herbaceous perennial liana up to 1.5, sometimes up to 3 m long. The leaves are compound, consisting of 3-7 leaflets wider than those of straight clematis. The flowers are open, up to 2 cm in diameter, collected in inflorescences, fragrant. There are 4 sepals, they are white. The anthers are light yellow.

It blooms in June-July on the shoots of the current year. There are 150-500 flowers on the shoot. Sets seeds. Dead shoots are pruned annually before winter. According to data, the species is used in Chinese medicine.

Prince serrata(S. serratifolia).

It is found in the Far East in the Primorsky Territory and in Korea. Grows on rocky slopes and on pebble deposits. Introduced into culture since 1909.

A shrub vine up to 3 m long. Sometimes, due to the lack of vertical support, its stems lie on the ground and, with strong branching, form a dense intertwined mass. The leaves are compound, double-triple. The flowers are drooping, broadly bell-shaped, later opened, up to 3-4 cm in diameter, solitary or collected in groups of 3. There are 4 sepals, they are oblong-ovate, their ends are sometimes curved outward, light yellow or greenish-yellow. The stamens are colored. It blooms profusely from late July to September on the shoots of the current year. There are 50-200 flowers on the shoot. The first flowering occurs at the age of 2-3 years. Sets a lot of seeds. The achenes collected in a head with a long, pubescent nose ripen in October. Seeds sown in a greenhouse in November germinate in June. Propagated by summer cuttings. Shoots are pruned before winter.

Prince six-petalled(WITH.hexapetal= S.angustifolia).

Homeland: the south of Eastern Siberia and the Far East; Northwestern China, northeastern Mongolia.

An erect herbaceous polycarp (perennial) up to 1 m high. The leaves are compound, pinnate, of linear-lanceolate leaflets, leathery, dark green. The buds are erect, pubescent on the outside. The flowers are open, 3-4 cm in diameter, collected in inflorescences, with little or no odor. Sepals, as a rule, are oblong, white, pubescent on the outside. The anthers are light yellow.

It blooms in summer on the shoots of the current year. There are 30-70 flowers on the shoot. Sets seeds and reproduces by them. Medicinal, used in Chinese medicine. Recommended everywhere for landscaping low-rise buildings. Unpretentious, frost-resistant.

Prince large-petalled- A. macropetala

Its homeland is Eastern Siberia, the Far East, China, Korea, where it is found on forest edges of coniferous and deciduous forests. Very rare in culture. It even grows on the Kola Peninsula in the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden, but its culture is more reliable south of St. Petersburg.

Has the most intensely colored flowers. They consist of four oblong, up to 5 cm long, covered with soft hairs, blue-purple, and before blooming even black-purple sepals and numerous linear-shaped blue-purple petals almost the same length as the sepals. This prince blooms in May-June, and the fruits ripen in July-August. It is also propagated by seeds and cuttings, the rooting rate of which is over 50%. The photo above shows the variety "Lagoone".

Prince Okhotsk - A. ochotensis Pall.

Grows in Eastern Siberia, Primorye, China and North Korea, found in coniferous and deciduous forests at an altitude of 600-800 m, often on rocky slopes.

Shrub liana. Reaches 3 m in length, three-triple leaves have long petioles, and flowers up to 8 cm in diameter have a wide bell-shaped shape, consist of 4-8 violet-blue or azure sepals softly pubescent on the outside and linear-shaped pubescent and much shorter petals. Flowers appear in June, fruits ripen in late July - September.

This is the most decorative look from princes, which can be cultivated up to the latitude of St. Petersburg. When propagated by cuttings it takes root over 50%.

Usage: for vertical gardening. Princes can be used to create trellises and trellises. Light, transparent, beautiful and at the same time comfortable and durable supports enhance the decorative effect and emphasize the decorative advantages of plants. On such supports, the princes look like flowering hanging carpets. Climbing princelings take up little space when planted and can be planted where trees or shrubs cannot be planted. Their long, densely leafy shoots with varied leaf colors, many flowers of magnificent color and size and original silvery fruits can decorate large areas, providing shade and protection from sun rays and dust.

In general, the vines of the Far East are not only tasty fruits, beautiful flowers, and pleasant aromas emitted by these flowers, but also very useful plants.

These are also ancient species, interesting for their distribution and use. They became part of the diet not only of the indigenous people but also of the settlers. Lianas also arouse the interest of our closest neighbors, the Chinese.

Lianas are representatives of cedar-broad-leaved forests, and the area of ​​these forests is now sharply declining. The reason for this: deforestation, fires and insufficient reforestation measures. Together with cedar (Korean pine), the number of vines also decreases.

For example, in order to harvest Chinese lemongrass or sultanas, we now need to go further into the forest from the village. Trinity than our grandfathers. Actinidia, lemongrass and grapes are rare, but not endangered species. But given the modern attitude of the population towards the environment, one does not have to wait long for them to be classified as rare and endangered species.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Edited by Maria Aksenova. "Encyclopedia for children. Volume 2. Biology". Publishing house – Moscow “Avanta +” 2002

2. Plant life. T.5 flowering plants Part 1.M: Enlightenment, 1981.-P.297-301

3. Plant life Vol. 5 flowering plants part 2.-M: Education, 1981.-P. 144-145

4. “Ecological problems of the region: Far East - Primorye.” Vladivostok-Birobidzhan 2005

5. “Trees, shrubs and vines of the Far East.” Khabarovsk book publishing house 1984.

6. L. Plotnikova “Princes and Climatis” // “In the World of Plants” - 2002 - No. 6

7. L. Plotnikova “Climatis, princes” - M.: Armada-press-2001.

8. Beskaravainaya M. “Small-flowered climatis” // Floriculture-1998-No. 5

9. Beskaravainaya M. “Clematis - vines of the future” - Voronezh: “Kvarta”, 1998 - 176 p.

10. Shpechman Marginsky “King of your garden” // “Landscape design” - 2002 - No. 5

Email addresses on the Internet

1. www .fegi/ru/PRIMORYE/Doctor/sosud/limon. htm.

2. Home. onego. ru

3. Home. onego. ru

4. http://Flower. onego. ru

5. http://www. neuronet. ru

6. http://www. kleo. ru

7. http://www. rusmedserver. ru

8. http://zerde. nm. ru

9. http://www. front-garden. ru

10. http://spcpa. ru

12. http://www. medobozrenie. ru

13. http://medarticle09.moslek. ru

14. http://bibliotekar. ru

15. http://www. aptechka. rhema. ru

16. http://www. medn. ru

17. http://thinkquest. ru