Literal paraphasias. What is paraphasia: examples and correction of the disorder. Meetings and verbal communication
Let us consider speech disorders associated with organic lesions and functional changes in the central nervous system, as well as pathopsycholinguistic speech disorders. Disorders associated with defects of the articulatory apparatus and delay speech development, are described in detail in the speech therapy literature.
Speech disorders as a result of organic damage to the nervous system
Aphasia
Aphasia: Based on the main types of speech, two types of aphasia are distinguished:
· sensory(receptive, impressive) - misunderstanding of the speech of both those around you and your own;
· motor(expressive) - a violation of the reproduction of active oral speech.
Speech disorders manifesting as aphasia were first described by the French anatomist P. Broka in 1861 and the German neurologist K. Wernicke in 1874.
Thus, P. Broca discovered focal lesions in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere of the brain in two patients who suffered from inner speech disorder during their lifetime. Since then, this area of the cortex began to be called Broca's area and considered as the center of motor speech, and speech disorders with damage to this area were called motor aphasia(from the Greek “a” - negation, “phasis” - speech).
A decade later, K. Wernicke discovered another center - the speech perception center (auditory speech center), where auditory samples of sounds are stored. This center is localized in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. Damage to this area leads to sensory aphasia.
Sensory acoustic-gnostic aphasia(Wernicke's aphasia), or “verbal deafness,” is characterized by impaired speech perception due to auditory (acoustic) agnosia.
At the same time, in the absence of deafness, the patient does not distinguish similar-sounding words or phonemes by ear, as a result of which the understanding of the meaning of individual words and sentences is distorted. The patient perceives speech addressed to him as noise or as incomprehensible foreign speech. The acoustic-gnostic form of sensory aphasia develops with damage to the center of sensory speech (Brodmann area 22 - the middle and posterior parts of the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere). In the sensory center of speech (gnostic speech center), sound patterns of words are stored, so its defeat leads to speech agnosia, when the patient, with normal hearing, does not recognize speech and does not understand the meaning of words. The auditory center is not damaged.
Very often, when Wernicke’s gnostic center is damaged, elements of impairment of motor speech are also noted due to the lack of auditory control, i.e. control over your own speech. At the same time, they are developing various elements secondary expressive speech disorder (logorrhea, “verbal okroshka”, paraphasia, perseveration).
Logorrhea- verbosity, speech incontinence, increased speech activity.
"Verbal okroshka"- a stream of meaningless, inarticulate sound combinations.
Paraphasia- distortion, inaccurate use of words, letters, sounds.
Perseveration- answer with the same word to questions with different meanings. Even with partial aphasic disorders, patients also do not perceive differences in the repetition, writing or reading of syllables and words that are similar in pronunciation (“ba-pa”, “ta-da”, “sa-za”, “fence - cathedral - congestion”, etc. .), the letters “s” and “z”, “p” and “b” are confused with each other.
Acoustic-mnestic aphasia characterized by memory impairment. The patient forgets the names of objects and names. With acoustic-mnestic aphasia, the grammatical structure of phrases remains correct, but speech difficulties are associated with the selection of the right words. The patient cannot name the object, although he can well determine its purpose. For example, if you show a spoon to a patient, he will say: “this is what they eat.” Usually the patient immediately remembers the desired word when prompted with the initial syllable (by telling him only “lo”, the patient will immediately say: “spoon”). Speech understanding is not impaired in amnestic aphasia. Reading aloud is possible, but written language is impaired due to an underlying defect. Acoustic-mnestic aphasia is characterized by the presence large number verbal paraphasia.
Verbal paraphasias- difficulty naming objects. Moreover, hinting at the first syllables usually does not help.
Acoustic-mnestic aphasia occurs with damage to the middle and posterior parts of the left temporal region (37 and 21 Brodmann areas). One of the forms of this aphasia is optical-mnestic aphasia. With this speech disorder, the patient forgets words denoting specific objects. This pathology develops with damage to the parieto-occipital cortex on the border with the temporal region. The defect is based on violations of associative connections between the centers of motor and sensory speech, as well as with the visual analyzer.
With extensive brain damage, when the pathological process involves not only the temporal region (Wernicke's gnostic center), but also the parietal region of the left hemisphere, patients develop semantic aphasia.
Semantic aphasia occurs when the parieto-occipital areas of the dominant hemisphere (39 and 40 Brodmann areas) are damaged.
Its main features are difficulties in understanding complex logical and grammatical structures, especially those that express spatial relationships. At the same time, patients find it difficult to understand and follow instructions like: “draw a dot over the circle” or “draw a circle over the dot.” The meaning of comparative constructions is inaccessible to them (for example, Tanya’s hair is lighter than Lena’s, but darker than Olya’s. Who has the lightest hair?).
In clinical practice, another form of sensory aphasia occurs - subcortical, or “pure verbal deafness,” when only the understanding of oral speech is impaired while writing and reading are preserved. There are also cases when, with sensory aphasia, the patient retains the ability to repeat what he heard.
Motor aphasia(Broca's aphasia, apraxia of speech) - characterized by a violation of all components of expressive speech. In this case, the patient understands speech, but cannot speak. He pronounces only single words or syllables preserved in memory, repeating them (speech embolus) and accompanying them with expressive facial expressions and gestures. In severe cases, the patient is initially completely speechless, then speech is expressed in the form of meaningless sound combinations (“speech residues”). In milder cases, patients retain only some words from which they construct simple sentences. The proposals are very monotonous. A characteristic feature of aphasia is the presence literal and verbal paraphasia, agrammatism.
Literal paraphasia- distortion of words as a result of rearrangement or omission of individual sounds or letters (from the word “litera” - letter).
Verbal paraphasia- distortion of words by replacing one word with another, similar in articulation, but different in meaning.
Agrammatism- violation of the grammatical structure of speech (incorrect endings of words, omission of prepositions, etc.). Repetition suffers less. The patient usually speaks slowly, reluctantly and little. The use of numbers is also impaired. The thinking processes are preserved, and the patient is aware of the errors of his speech. Motor aphasia develops with damage to the center of motor speech - Broca's area - (Brodmann's area 44). One of the types of motor aphasia is dynamic aphasia.
Dynamic aphasia. This type of aphasia is characterized by a violation, the collapse of internal speech. In this case, patients limit themselves to monosyllabic answers, often repeating the words of the question. An oral story or an essay on a given topic is not available to them. Patients have difficulty constructing the intention of a statement, the internal program of speech. In some cases, violations of internal speech are expressed in the form of omission of verbs, prepositions, pronouns, the use of template phrases, and more frequent use of words in the nominative case.
The lesion in dynamic aphasia in the prefrontal region is located slightly anterior and above Broca's area - in the left hemisphere of the brain (Brodmann's areas 9, 10, 11, 46).
According to A. R. Luria (1969), motor aphasia occurs in two variants: afferent motor aphasia and efferent motor aphasia.
Motor aphasia of afferent type is caused by damage to the lower parts of the postcentral zone of the brain (the lower part of cortical fields 1, 2, 5, 7 and partially 40), characterized by the loss of all types of oral speech - spontaneous, automated, repetition of proposed words, naming of shown objects. The articulation of sounds is especially severely impaired. Reading and writing are also affected. Often such aphasia is combined with oral apraxia (a disorder of complex movements of the lips and tongue).
Motor aphasia of efferent type is caused by damage to the lower parts of the premotor zone, Broca's area (areas 44, 45) and is characterized by a disorder of switching from one speech unit (sound, word) to another. The articulation of individual sounds is preserved, but the pronunciation of a series of sounds or a phrase is difficult. Productive speech is replaced by constant repetition of individual sounds (literal perseveration) or words (verbal perseveration), and in severe cases is represented by a speech embolus. Another distinctive feature of speech is the “telegraphic style”: the patient composes phrases mainly from nouns, there are almost no verbs in them. Automated speech, poetry reading, and singing are preserved. As a rule, cortical speech disorders (Broca's and Wernicke's centers) are often accompanied by various reading and writing disorders and manifest themselves in the form of alexia, paralexia, agraphia, literal and verbal paragraphy, contamination, and acalculia.
Alexia - a disorder of reading and reading comprehension, in which the patient is unable to read, sometimes he still reads with difficulty, but does not understand what he has read and is not aware of the mistakes he makes.
Paralexia- rearrangement of letters in words when reading with gross distortion of the meaning of the word.
Agraphia- loss of the ability to write correctly while maintaining motor function of the upper limb. Isolated development of agraphia is observed with damage to the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere (Brodmann area 6). In severe cases, the patient cannot write; in milder cases, writing is possible, but literal and verbal paragraphs are identified.
Literal paragraph- omissions and rearrangements of letters in words when writing.
Verbal paragraph- omissions and rearrangements of words when writing a sentence.
Contamination- writing down a sentence from dictation in one word.
Acalculia- impairment of the ability to perform arithmetic operations caused by damage to the dominant cerebral hemisphere (Brodmann area 39). Usually combined with semantic aphasia. In severe cases, the patient cannot count; in mild cases, difficulties or errors are observed when operating with numbers.
With lesions of the dominant hemisphere from Broca's area to Wernicke's area, total aphasia often occurs, in which receptive and expressive speech in all its manifestations is lost. This pathology can be observed with large tumors, cerebral strokes, severe skull injuries and many other extensive brain lesions.
To illustrate the topical diagnosis for various forms of aphasia, a diagram of lesions in the cortical speech zones has been developed (taking into account the functioning of the secondary and tertiary fields) (Fig. 15).
The above characteristics of various forms of aphasia correspond to the generally accepted classification of aphasia created by A.R. Luria.
Taking into account the systematization of educational material, we present this classification:
1. Sensory (acoustic-gnostic) aphasia.
2. Acoustic-mnestic aphasia.
3. Motor aphasia of the afferent type.
4. Motor aphasia of the efferent type.
5. Motor dynamic aphasia.
6. Semantic aphasia.
It is important to note that each speech disorder in various forms of aphasia has its own specifics and depends on a number of factors, namely:
· localization of the lesion and its size;
· severity and stage of the disease;
the nature of the pathological process (vascular, tumor,
traumatic brain injury);
· quality of life of the patient and his intellectual characteristics, etc.
One of the main problems of aphasiology is the search for new, most effective methods restoration of speech functions, taking into account all the above factors. In this regard, the authors considered it necessary to provide a description of the main stages and directions of speech restoration in aphasia according to V.M. Shklovsky and T. G. Wiesel.*
* Shklovsky V.M., Vizel T.G. Restoration of speech function in patients with in different forms aphasia. M. 2000. P. 9-10.
Restoration of speech function in aphasia it is gradual. Naturally, in the early stages of the disease, regardless of the specific form of aphasia, the task is to include mainly involuntary, automated levels of speech activity. During this period, the most effective is the use of automated speech sequences, “vocalization” of emotionally significant situations, and “revival” of speech stereotypes that were well established in previous speech practice.
Work with patients in the acute stage of the disease must be strictly dosed depending on the characteristics general condition patient, be of a gentle, psychotherapeutic nature. In addition, special tasks are set to establish contact with the patient and involve him in purposeful activities. As a rule, for this purpose, the method of conversation is used on various topics close to the patient, as well as methods consisting of connecting non-speech activities: simple design, sketching, modeling from plasticine, etc.
At subsequent stages of the disease, rehabilitation training is carried out with the expectation of an increasingly active, conscious involvement of the patient in the recovery process. For this purpose, restructuring techniques are used. Their use is impossible without transferring the work to an arbitrary, conscious level. This does not mean that a complete abandonment of reliance on speech automatisms is necessary, but the main emphasis is on the conscious assimilation of certain methods of compensating for the defect.
Restoring speech function in any form of aphasia requires systematic approach, i.e. implies the normalization of all impaired language levels. However, with each of the aphasic forms there are also specific tasks associated with overcoming the primary speech defect.
Afferent motor aphasia: restoration of articulatory patterns of individual sounds and, consequently, elimination of literal paraphasias that arise from the mixing of speech sounds that are close in articulation.
Efferent motor aphasia: restoration of the ability to perform serial articulatory acts. Such a task requires the development of switching from one article to another, from one fragment of a word to another. This, in turn, is closely related to the task of restoring the kinetic motor melodies of words and phrases, as well as the internal linear syntactic scheme of the phrase.
Sensory aphasia: recovery phonemic hearing, i.e. the ability to differentiate by ear phonemes that are similar in sound, and on this basis - to understand speech in general.
Dynamic aphasia:
1st option - restoration of the speech programming function;
2nd option - overcoming grammatical structuring disorders.
Acoustic-mnestic aphasia: expansion of auditory-speech memory, as well as overcoming the weakness of traces of perceived speech.
Semantic aphasia: elimination of impressive agrammatism, i.e. restoration of the ability to perceive complex logical and grammatical figures of speech.
Work to overcome secondary disorders of speech understanding, accumulate an active vocabulary, normalize the grammatical aspects of speech, reading, and writing is indicated for all forms of aphasia, since to one degree or another these aspects of speech suffer in each of them. The scope of this work is determined by the severity of a particular defect, its proportion in the overall clinical picture this case aphasia.
Alalia
Alalia- systemic underdevelopment of speech, resulting from damage to the cortical speech zones at the age of 2-3 years (in the pre-speech period), i.e. when the child has not yet mastered speech as a means of communication. Alalia, like aphasia, is divided into motor And sensory. Motor alalia characterized by underdevelopment of expressive speech. The child has difficulty constructing sentences, distorts words (rearranges and skips sounds and syllables), and the active vocabulary is underdeveloped. With motor alalia, written speech disorders are also observed.
At sensory alalia while hearing is intact, understanding of spoken speech is impaired, i.e. There is a violation of auditory gnosis.
A number of authors (L.O. Badalyan and others) note that motor alalia is often accompanied by a disorder, underdevelopment of sensory speech and vice versa. In this regard, we should talk about mixed, or total alalia.
The predominance of verbal paraphasia in speech,
belonging to different conceptual groups, to
Verbal paraphasias reflect significant
a sign of this situation; often verbal
exchanges belong to the same conceptual group 2
Verbal paraphasias are rare 1
Missing O
Literal paraphasias
The predominance of crude non-standard literal
paraphasia 3
Literal paraphasias (standard and non-standard)
dartnye), which are characterized by replacement of some
sounds by others, rearrangements of sounds within a word,
skipping sounds, adding extra sounds.
Occurs during naming, repetition and in spontaneous
Tanya speech 2
The same signs, but mildly expressed 1
Missing O
14. Understanding situational speech and verbal
meaning
Complete or almost complete impossibility of lowering
mania for situational speech, simple commands and gestures 3
Impaired understanding of situational speech, mainly
in a different way, in relation to insignificant
for the patient topics and impaired understanding of cha-
number of simple commands, especially when moving
for a new task 2
Difficulty understanding situational speech and pro-
This team performs only in special conditions:
with rapid speech, distraction of the patient’s attention 1
Violations None O
Attitude to speech impediment
Lack of awareness of speech disorders - completely not
mistakes in speech are noticed and surprise is expressed
laziness, irritation if speech is not understood
weaponizing 3
Underestimation of speech disorders - not noticed
paraphasia, even verbal, but the general
understanding that speech is violated 2
Occasionally individual Literals are not noticed
or, to a lesser extent, verbal paraphasias in
own speech 1
A fully conscious attitude towards the defect of re-
chi, its individual manifestations O
16. Reading(aloud)
Reading words and text aloud is not possible. Sometimes
reading of individual ideograms is preserved or
several simple words 3
Can still read simple words
individual words from a sentence. The text is practically
It's not really readable. Frequent literals are possible
or verbal paralexias 2
Saved limited opportunity reading
simple texts, but at the same time there are
separate literal and verbal paraphasias.
Reading pace is slow 1
Violations are practically absent O
Reading (to yourself)
Placing labels-names on the pre-
it is impossible to mark pictures or to one or two
out of 6-10 presented 3
It is possible to add signatures - names -
to object pictures and short sentences
interest in subject pictures is approximately 50%
cases. Written assignments are practically impossible
are filled 2
Written assignments are completed, although
there are inaccuracies in understanding more complex
commands and structures. Partial is also possible
comprehension of texts read silently 1
No violations O
Reading letters
Reading letters is impossible or only one or two are readable
letters written in simple fonts 3
It is possible to read 50% of the letters presented.
Errors (substitutions) are unstable. Almost no
secretly written letters and letters are hidden
against the background of masking noise 2
Errors occur occasionally, mainly
when reading letters depicted in an unusual way
font or in difficult to read conditions
viahs (superimposed on each other, against the background of one
native noise, etc.) 1
No violations O
Cheating
Copying even a simple phrase is not possible,
Only individual letters are copied
or syllables, while the letters may be rough
distorted 3
A short phrase is copied (or “slavishly” co-
feasted), but with omissions, with gross errors,
who “often distort words beyond recognition”
Bridges 2
Individual errors, mainly when sleeping
syvaniya, rare and polysyllabic
words 1
No violations O
Paraphasia
(from the Greek para - near, about, phasis - speech) - replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech. There are two types of P.: literal and verbal. With local lesions of the speech zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain (in right-handed people), P. is a manifestation of various forms of aphasia. Literal speech is expressed in the form of erroneous replacement of individual sounds (or syllables) in words, which are based on sensory or motor speech disorders. Verbal speech is characterized by the replacement of some words with others that are similar in meaning (see). Literal and verbal speech disorders in children are observed with alalia and represent a manifestation of general speech underdevelopment.
Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: “PHOENIX”. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .
Paraphasia
A violation of speech expression, manifested in the replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others or in the incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech.
There are two types of paraphasia:
1 ) literal paraphasia - erroneous replacement of individual sounds or syllables in words; it is based on sensory or motor speech disorders;
2 ) verbal paraphasia - replacement of some words with others that are similar in meaning, which is caused by mnestic or semantic speech disorders; can also manifest itself as a combination of individual elements of different words into one ( cm. ).
Dictionary of a practical psychologist.- M.: AST, Harvest
Paraphasia . S. Yu. Golovin. 1998.
Etymology.
Comes from the Greek. para - near, around + phasis - speech.Category.
Clinical disorder.Specificity.
Impairment of oral and written speech, manifested in the replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others, in the incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words of speech.Kinds:
Literal paraphasia,
Verbal paraphasia. Psychological Dictionary
. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.
PARAPHASIA (from Greek para- near, about + phasis - speech) - replacement of required sounds (letters) speeches or words to others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech. There are 2 types of P.: literal and verbal. With local lesions of the speech zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere (in right-handed people), P. are manifestations of various forms. aphasia Literal ). P. is expressed in the form of erroneous replacement of individual sounds (or syllables) in words, which is based on sensory or motor speech disorders (see. P. is characterized by the replacement of some words with others that are similar in meaning (see. ), caused by mnestic or semantic speech disorders. This form of P. can also manifest itself as a combination of individual elements of different words into one (see. ).
Literal and verbal P. in children are observed when alalia and represent a manifestation of general speech underdevelopment. Cm. . (T.V. Akhutina.)
Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
Synonyms:See what “paraphasia” is in other dictionaries:
paraphasia- paraphasia... Spelling dictionary-reference book
. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- [German] Paraphasie Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
In the article we will consider literal paraphasias in aphasia. What do such deviations mean?
Paraphasia is a feature of aphasia (loss of speech), the characteristic symptoms of which are disturbances in utterance, the replacement of correct syllables, letters and words with incorrect ones. At the same time, the patient replaces correct words as part of a sentence with completely unnatural and incomprehensible words in a specific use and in a certain situation. In addition, with this pathology there is a significant acceleration of speech, which contributes to significant difficulties in understanding the conversation.
Many people are interested in what these are - literal and verbal paraphasias.
Neurological aspect of the disease
The occurrence of literal paraphasia can be due to a number of neurological reasons and can be observed in people of all ages. The reasons for the development of such a disorder in adult patients include various lesions of the cerebral cortex:
- cerebrovascular disorders;
- injuries;
- infectious pathologies affecting the brain;
- consequence of thromboembolism;
- cysts and other brain tumors;
- aneurysm rupture.
IN childhood To the above factors should be added damage to the speech center of the brain, which can occur as a result of:
Literal paraphasia is based on violations of neuropsychological or neurophysiological prerequisites - this may be a disorder of praxis, phonemic hearing, or articulatory apparatus, which, in turn, leads to disturbances in speech, perception, writing, reading, and counting.
Other types of paraphasia
There are only three main types of literal paraphasia, but there is no clear line between them, since the forms can be combined with each other. Thus, the literal form of pathology is closely related to its types: verbal and mirror. Verbal paraphasias are phenomena in which one word in speech is replaced by another, and these words are in the same associative field. For example, instead of the word “elbow” they say “knee”, “chair” - “table”, etc.
A similar phenomenon is often observed in acoustic-mnestic aphasia and is distinguished by the ability to reproduce words and the inability to repeat three or four words at once that are related in meaning. In such patients, there may be an increase in speech activity, or, conversely, it may be inhibited. Difficulties caused by the semantic vagueness of words, partial or complete misunderstanding of their meaning, contribute to the repeated use of paraphasia: replacing letters in words, words in a sentence, combining several words together (example: “knife” - knife and fork). Incorrect use of pronouns, changes in nouns in number and gender, and inflections of verbs may also occur.
Literal paraphasia manifests itself in the form of replacing a sound or letter in a word with another. A similar phenomenon occurs both in writing and in oral speech. Depending on the degree and area of damage, the pathological condition can acquire different features. Thus, in the case of sensory aphasia, sounds are replaced by phonemically similar ones (“b” to “p”, “s” to “z”). In the case of motor aphasia, sounds are replaced with similar ones (“l” with “n”, “m” with “b”).
A patient with this disease can not only confuse sounds, but also rearrange letters in one word. It is often difficult for him to construct a sentence when he needs to search for appropriate words. Thus, the speech itself slows down, and fragments of phrases and repetition of words are typical. When writing, significant deviations are also observed: its correctness and hand movements are disrupted. Example - voice - ear, holos, gols, etc.
Paraphasia, which occurs against the background of alalia (profound immaturity of speech due to damage to the cerebral cortex), is characterized by the loss of previously present speech, in addition, there is damage to the brain centers responsible for speech during the period of intrauterine development.
Mirror paraphasia is characterized by the fact that the patient pronounces the end and beginning of a word correctly, and its middle from right to left. It is characteristic that people who have this disease very quickly read words that are written in a mirror, and read them correctly. In certain cases, the word is read as if it is divided into several parts, where the last and first parts are pronounced correctly, and the middle one is not only reversed, but also doubled.
Examples
When considering types of literal paraphasia in speech therapy, the following deviations may be observed:
- If a word sounds like “rook”, then in the verbal form of paraphasia a person will designate this word as “swift”, “woodpecker”, “raven”.
- In the literal form - “doctor”, “luck”, “grak”, “grap”.
- With a mirror - “garach”, “garch”.
Correction and restoration of speech functions
Treatment of any form of paraphasia, including literal, as well as any types of aphasia, consists of the use of neurorehabilitation (compensation and restoration of higher mental functions, in particular speech). The system of therapeutic measures usually includes:
Special Scan
Currently, medical specialists prescribe a special scan to patients with literal paraphasia, based on the information results of which it is possible to accurately determine the areas of brain damage and their degree, and then begin appropriate treatment, during which not only the causes of their occurrence are eliminated, but it is also possible to prevent further development of the pathological process.
Speech restoration today is carried out by a neuropsychologist or speech therapist-aphasiologist. The most effective activities are those that include the use of nootropic drugs. medications:
- "Phenotropil";
- "Neotropil";
- "Encephabol";
- "Cerebrolysin".
Family training
However, the correction of literal paraphasia does not end there: all members of the patient’s family must undergo special training from a speech therapist-aphasiologist and receive some instructions on the specifics of treatment and rehabilitation of the patient. Thus, only comprehensive measures can achieve significant positive results. The duration of therapy can take a significant amount of time - sometimes even up to five years, but despite modern methods and treatment techniques, no specialist can guarantee a 100% result. Even the most modern technologies in certain cases they cannot restore the ideal state of speech.
Conclusion
Thus, a fairly common phenomenon, literal and other types of paraphasia, when a person changes letters in words, uses them incorrectly in meaning - this is a signal to turn to to a qualified doctor, who, after a special diagnosis, can determine the specific factor of damage to the cerebral cortex and prescribe therapy and rehabilitation. This is especially important in childhood, when some parts of the brain are still developing.
Replacement of a sound or letter in a word with others, which occurs during aphasia - and manifests itself in both oral and written speech. With different localization of the lesion, literal paraphasia acquires character traits. So, with sensory aphasia, replacement is carried out with phonemically similar sounds or letters (““s”” is replaced by “z”, “b” - by “p”). With afferent motor aphasia, replacement occurs with elements that are similar in the method of pronunciation (""l"" - with ""n"", ""m"" - with ""b"").
Verbal paraphasia.. 2000 .
See what “Literal Paraphasia” is in other dictionaries:
literal paraphasia- Etymology. Comes from Lat. littera letter and Greek para near, near + phasis speech. Category. Neuropsychological disorder. Specificity. Replacement of a sound or letter in a word with others, which occurs during aphasia and manifests itself both in oral speech and... ...
paraphasia- (from the Greek para near, about, phasis speech) replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech. There are two types of P.: literal and verbal. For local... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Paraphasia- (from the Greek para “near, around” and phasis “speech”) - incorrect use of individual sounds or letters in oral or written speech, mixing of elements of words, different words as a result of excitement, absent-mindedness or a painful nature. Yes, you just... ...
paraphasia literal- replacing a sound or letter in a word with others. It occurs in aphasia and manifests itself in both oral and written speech. With different localization of lesions, literal paraphasia acquires characteristic features. So, with sensory aphasia, a replacement occurs... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Paraphasia- (pair + Greek phasis – speech). Distortion of individual elements of speech - replacement of words in oral speech with others that are similar in meaning or sound (P. verbal) and omissions, replacements, rearrangement of individual sounds in words, leading to their distortion (P. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of psychiatric terms
- (p. litteralis; lat. litteralis letter) P., characterized by omission, replacement, rearrangement or repetition of individual sounds in words ... Large medical dictionary
SPEECH DISORDERS- (English speech disorders) decay of already established speech (in adults) or disruption of normal speech development in children caused by various diseases. R.r. arise due to various reasons: when normal perception of sound is disrupted... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
aphasia- (from the Greek a negative particle and phasis manifestation) speech impairment that occurs with local lesions of the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain (in right-handed people) and is a systemic disorder various types speech activity. Manifests in... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Error reversal- – errors in reading and writing, characterized by rearrangement of symbols. Synonym: Paraphasia literal... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
HETEROTROPHIC PLANTS- (from the Greek heteros other and trepho I feed), plants that are unable to use CO2 as a source of C for the construction of organic matter and therefore require nutrition with organic compounds. They are opposed to autotrophic plants, which... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
