Detergents and cleaning products: consumer properties. Classification and characteristics of the assortment. Quality requirements. Classification of cleaning products. TM. Price level. Sales level Pros and cons

Chemical cleaners are a mixture of ingredients that perform a specific function. Usually the product is intended for several types of contaminants at once. The manufacturer of such a professional product recommends on the label or in the instructions the procedure and conditions for using its product. These instructions must be strictly followed to achieve the desired result. Detergents and cleaning products are classified as alkaline (pH from 8 to 14), acidic (pH from 0 to 6) and neutral (pH 7). Alkaline detergents and cleaning agents Alkaline agents include surfactants, complexing agents, alkalis, anti-corrosion ingredients, etc. Weakly alkaline agents are used to remove “light” oil and grease stains. More complex fats can be cleaned well using medium alkaline chemistry. These products are less corrosive and not as aggressive to the skin as highly alkaline products. To remove old, heavy stains, highly alkaline detergents are used, which are highly corrosive and irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Alkaline detergents are ineffective for removing mineral deposits. They can be used for this purpose only under the condition of dispersion (fine grinding of solids or liquids, resulting in powders, suspensions, emulsions. When dispersing solids, their mechanical destruction occurs) and suspension (form a suspension) of solid particles with surfactant molecules included in composition of a complex alkaline detergent. Acidic detergents Acidic detergents are used to remove various mineral deposits: salt deposits, milk or urinary stone, scale. Light and medium acid detergents are used to clean combined stains containing rust and mineral deposits. They are used on surfaces that are resistant to acids: earthenware, ceramic tiles, etc. Strong acid products are used to combat heavy mineral deposits that are found in industrial equipment: in steam generators, boilers, etc. If the temperature of the cleaning agent is above 800 degrees, then repeated deposition of mineral deposits on the surface, forming a plaque or white film. It must be borne in mind that strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, cause corrosion. Acidic agents, especially strong ones, have a negative effect on cement. Therefore, strong acidic agents are ideal for cleaning cement from surfaces after construction work. Neutral detergents. Neutral detergents are a combination of surfactants, emulsifiers, complexing agents, dispersants, thickeners, etc. Designed to remove oil, grease and other contaminants. First of all, it is preferable to use them if they cope with pollution. Neutral agents, unlike acidic and alkaline ones, do not cause corrosion or chemical burns. Soap has been used for washing and cleaning for a very long time. Now it has been replaced by detergents based on synthetic surfactants. They are much more effective than soap due to their wetting, emulsifying and suspending effects. Detergents consist of different types of surfactants, each of which works according to its own scenario. Based on knowledge about the characteristics of certain surfactants, you can better choose a detergent for a specific case. Surfactants are divided into cationic, anionic, ampholytic and nonionic. Cationic surfactants are diphilic compounds that dissociate in an aqueous solution and are in equilibrium with a surface-active cation and the corresponding anion. Cationic surfactants include acid salts and quaternary bases. This surfactant does not have high cleaning power. It is used as an auxiliary antistatic agent with a bactericidal effect, which is effective as a disinfectant in food processing plants. Anionic surfactants are diphilic compounds that dissociate in an aqueous solution and are in equilibrium with a surface-active anion and a metal cation or other electron donor. Anionic surfactants play the role of wetting and washing reagents, sometimes emulsifiers. Ampholytic surfactants are ampholytic compounds that dissociate in an alkaline environment to a surface-active anion, and in an acidic environment to a surface-active cation. At a certain pH value, ampholytic surfactants exhibit the properties of non-iogenic compounds. They differ from them only in that, with a total zero charge, the molecules retain the ability to dissociate at other pH values. Ampholytic surfactants contain 2 or more polar groups. They are practically never used separately. Usually used with anionic surfactants to enhance the cleaning effect and increase the solubility of sparingly soluble components. Nonionic surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that do not form ions in solutions (do not dissociate). They are used either independently or together with anionic surfactants. In the second case, they act as emulsifiers of contaminants. In this case, the substance should be well dissolved in the dispersion medium. It is also necessary that the part of the substance molecule remaining in the solution have a diameter larger than the part adsorbed on the droplets of the dispersed phase. Solvent-Based Cleaners Solvent-based cleaners typically remove paint, oil stains, and grease. Abrasive cleaners Abrasive cleaners contain detergent components and solid particles (sand, borax, sodium bicarbonate, etc.). The additional mechanical impact due to these particles facilitates the cleaning process. The disadvantage of this cleaning method is scratches on the surface. Therefore, it can only be used on stable surfaces. It is not recommended to clean metal surfaces with abrasives.

Main purpose detergents - cleaning objects, in particular dishes, surfaces, products made of fabrics and non-woven materials from contaminants of various natures. Using laundry soap - for soaking, washing or boiling laundry made from cotton and linen fabrics; for washing greasy dishes; care of residential premises; for washing heavily soiled hands.

Detergents include synthetic detergents (SMS) and fatty detergents (laundry and toilet soaps). Toilet soap is used as a hygienic product for caring for the human body; it is usually classified as a group of perfumery and cosmetic products.

Cleaning action in these products is ensured by the high surface activity of soap or molecules of synthetic surfactants (surfactants) - the ability to reduce the surface and interfacial tension of water. Surfactant molecules are highly soluble in water, but at the same time they interact with fatty particles of contaminants; Soap molecules have a similar cleaning effect. This is ensured by the special structure of surfactant and soap molecules, which have a dual, amphiphilic nature - a small polar group of the molecule and a long non-polar part, which has an affinity for fats. In a solution, surfactants form spherical particles - micelles at a certain concentration, called the critical micelle concentration (CMC): the non-polar part of the surfactant faces the pollutant particle, and the polar part faces the water. It has been established that the greater the surface activity of a surfactant, the greater the tendency to micellization is characteristic of this surfactant and the lower the CMC. The differences between SMS and soap are their origin, production technology, chemical structure, CMC value and cleaning effect.

Laundry soap is a mixture of sodium (less commonly potassium) salts of higher fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms: stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, etc., containing special additives and having a cleaning effect.

Soap has been a traditional detergent for centuries. The first industrial production of soap has been known in Russia since 1670 - this is liquid potassium “green” soap. Since 1800, the production of solid sodium soap began.

Raw materials for production Laundry soap consists of vegetable oils and animal fats, most often in the form of technical lard (fat) and soap stocks, which are obtained in the production of margarine and the purification of vegetable oils. Special additives - synthetic fat substitutes, resin and naphthenic acids (up to 6% in low-grade soap); To add hardness and improve solubility, rosin and sodium silicate are added to the soap. Fats are saponified with alkaline components - sodium hydroxide or soda ash when heated. To obtain high-quality soap, purified products can be used - pre-split fats or synthetic fatty acids.

The difference between toilet soap and laundry soap is not only in appearance and the presence of fragrances, but also in the difference in fatty acids that make up the soap in the form of sodium salts. In toilet soap, salts of fatty acids with a low number of carbon atoms and a low melting point predominate: is this caprylic acid C? H 15 COOH (mp 16°C), lauric acid

C and H 23 COOH (melt point 48 °C), myristic C 13 H 27 COOH (melt point 57.5 °C) and palmitic acid additives C 15 H 31 COOH (melt point 62.9 °C).

In laundry soap, the predominant salts of stearic acid are C 17 H 35 COOH (melting temperature 69.3 ° C). A distinctive feature of soap is its high alkalinity, i.e. the pH of an aqueous solution of soap is at least 9 and up to 11.

By cooking method soap is divided into adhesive (direct method) and sound (indirect cooking method). Glue soap is a product of cooking fatty and alkaline components (soap glue) cooled in the form without additional purification. Sound soap- a soap “core” isolated from the product of alkaline saponification of fats due to special processing - salting out soap glue with electrolyte solutions, for example table salt. This treatment is carried out repeatedly, first the process of dissolving the core in hot water - grinding, then re-salting out. Core soap is a purer product than glue soap; it contains less unsaponified fats, impurities, etc.

According to the degree of cleaning, household soap can be ordinary and clarified (purified).

According to GOST 30266-95 “Hard laundry soap. General technical conditions" depending on fatty acid content(qualitative number) soap is divided into groups I, II and III. In each group, depending on the recipe, soap is produced under different names (an assortment of varieties).

According to organoleptic indicators the soap should be hard to the touch, non-sticky, and not contain foreign coarse inclusions. The smell is specific soapy. There should be no foreign odors - products of decomposition of organic substances, rancid fats, fishy and other unpleasant odors. Laundry soap can be uncolored (from light brown to dark brown) or colored (for example, white, bluish, yellow), and may contain light fragrances (depending on the name).

Qualitative number soap is determined by the content (weight) of fatty acids isolated from soap, calculated on the nominal weight of a piece of 100 g.

Disinfectant additives added to soap to give it fungicidal (antifungal), bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties. To add hardness, sodium silicate (liquid glass) and pine rosin are added to the soap.

Release form - solid (pieces of various shapes), powder, ointment and liquid. Solid soap is produced in the form of bars with a nominal weight of 150 to 500 g or with a reduction in the nominal weight of the piece by no more than 30 g for individual trade names of improved soap; without wrapper.

Marking soap: each piece of soap must have a clear stamp indicating the trademark of the manufacturer; abbreviated name of laundry soap indicating the group, for example: 72%, 70%, 65%; designation of the GOST 30266-95 standard. Transport marking - manipulation sign - “Keep away from moisture”.

Packed laundry soap depending on the weight in paper packs, paper bags or boxes (multiple packaging); in transport containers - non-separable wooden plank boxes (30 kg each), reusable boxes (up to 15-25 kg) or corrugated cardboard boxes (weighing 20-30 kg). Cardboard boxes are covered with paper tape at the valve joints.

Stored solid laundry soap in dry, closed, well-ventilated rooms (in warehouses with active ventilation) at a temperature not lower than -5 ° C and a relative humidity not higher than 75%. The stack height is no more than 3 m, the distance between rows is at least 60 mm for air circulation. The guaranteed shelf life of laundry soap is 12 months. from the date of production.

Housewives often note that rusty deposits and soap stains literally cannot be removed by anything, and the use of products with acids only helps for a while, but after that the deposit appears even faster. This may be due to the fact that acid not only eats away dirt, but also damages enamel that is not resistant to acids, making it rougher. Experts do not recommend using such products on acid-sensitive plumbing fixtures unless you plan to replace them in the coming years.

1. Powders containing abrasive particles can be used to remove stubborn stains. Bathtubs, sinks and toilets made of cast iron with enamel or acrylic liners can be damaged if constantly cleaned with products that cause invisible scratches. In just a few years, the defects will be noticeable, because rust will begin to accumulate more intensively in damaged areas. Thus, powders can be used if the surfaces are not sensitive to strong abrasive effects, but you should not get carried away with them if you want to maintain the original gloss or shine of the surfaces.
2. Creams for cleaning plumbing fixtures and tiles remove various types of dirt well, but they also contain abrasive particles, but, as a rule, in a much lower concentration and with slightly different characteristics, because the main task of creams is to clean off the most difficult stains without damaging the surface. chemically or mechanically. After all, creams are characterized by moderate pH values. And their high cleaning efficiency is explained by the combination of abrasive particles and a thick base of detergent components. However, still remember that it is not advisable to strongly rub objects with a particularly soft coating, for example, certain types of plastic, and also familiarize yourself with a short series of recommendations for use on certain materials. Since creams either do not contain disinfecting components, or they are quite weak, they cannot be used to reliably eliminate all microbes that accumulate on surfaces.
3. Housewives often use even ordinary bleach, which comes in the form of a solution. It kills germs, is relatively inexpensive, and whitens. But it is completely uneconomical, because it immediately flows down the walls and does not linger on the surface. If you compare it with gels that have a thick consistency, then you will use 3 times more chlorine and thus will not notice any savings.
4. Thick gels that effectively deal with organic contaminants can be used to clean any surfaces in the house. For example, the Domestos universal cleaning gel not only effectively deals with pathogenic microbes, but also whitens and removes deposits from plumbing fixtures. After washing it off, you don’t have to worry about safety, because the active disinfectant component included in the composition does not remain on the surface, but breaks down into harmless compounds, namely water and salt.

The thick gel can also be used diluted, for example, for washing floors. Its antimicrobial effect is confirmed by experts. Domestos gel can be recommended for use in homes where there are small children, as it ensures hygienic cleanliness of surfaces, which is especially important during periods of epidemics. The main thing is to follow the basic recommendations that are indicated on the label.

And one more important tip: regardless of the cleaning product, be sure to use household gloves to protect the skin of your hands. This way you will preserve the youth and beauty of your hands and will not damage your manicure.

Detergents are divided according to purpose, consistency, types of detergent, detergent content and other characteristics.

Based on their purpose, detergents are divided into household, toilet, and special (medical, technical, etc.).

Based on consistency, detergents are divided into solid (pieces, granules, powders), ointment-like (pastes) and liquid.

Powder products are the most widely used. Detergents in the form of granules and pastes are convenient. Liquid products dissolve easily and are dosed well. They are effective for washing textiles and washing dishes, cars, glass, etc.

The production of liquid products will increase. Their production is simpler and cheaper (the drying process is eliminated), they do not generate dust, like powders, and are easier to dose.

Depending on the type of detergent, detergents are divided into soaps and synthetic detergents. The detergent content in the product ranges from 5 to 85/about. Most household detergents contain 10-75% detergent.

Laundry soap

Range. Laundry soap is a detergent, the main (active) part of which is sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids. Laundry soap is divided according to the type of source material, production and processing method, consistency, and detergent content (see diagram, No. 1).

Based on the type of source material, soaps based on fats, fatty acids and mixed fat bases are distinguished.

In the production of soaps, solid animal fats (beef, lamb, pork, etc.), liquid vegetable fats (sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, etc.), lard (lard from oil) are used - solid fat obtained by hydrogenation (saturation with hydrogen at the place of double connections) vegetable liquid oils, soapstock (by-product of refining vegetable oils).

Solid animal fats contain a higher amount of saturated fatty acids and, when cooked, form solid soaps that are highly soluble at elevated temperatures. The addition of solid fats of vegetable origin (palm, coconut and other oils) increases the solubility of soaps at room temperature.

Liquid vegetable fats form ointment-like soaps.

The widespread use of fatty acids makes soap making easier and more complete. Fatty acids are obtained by the breakdown of fats or synthetically through the oxidation of paraffins and other petroleum products.

The mixed fat base may include fats, grease waste (kitchen waste, waste), soap stock, resin and naphthenic acids. Resin acids (in the form of rosin or rosin soap) improve pricing and delay the rancidity of soaps. Naphthenic acids reduce foam stability and soap hardness, making it more soluble.

According to the production method, soaps are distinguished by saponification (cooking) of the fat base and neutralization of fatty acids.

Saponification is carried out by the action of an aqueous solution of caustic alkali on the fat base at a temperature of 100-105°. Fatty substances break down into glycerol and fatty acid, which forms a fatty acid salt (soap) with alkali by reaction.

Neutralization of fatty acids (carbonate saponification) is an economically more profitable method of producing soap, since the process of soap formation is accelerated and simplified, and soda is used as an alkali, as it is cheaper.

According to the processing method, soaps are distinguished between adhesive, salted, polished and sawed soaps.

Glue soap is obtained by cooling the soap product. It contains 40-47% fatty acids, residues of unreacted fats and alkalis, glycerin and other impurities.

Soap is salted out to remove impurities and increase the detergent content. To do this, add table salt or caustic soda to boiling soap glue. When dissolved in water, these substances reduce the solubility of soap. The soap separates and, being lighter, floats up, forming a layer of more concentrated, so-called core soap. Drained sound soap after boiling and cooling contains 60-66% fatty acids.

When salting out again, a cleaner and lighter polished soap is obtained.

Pilled soap contains 70-85% fatty acids and has a more uniform structure. To obtain it, soap is crushed, ground on rollers, dried and pressed into pieces.

Based on consistency, soap is divided into solid and liquid. Solid soap is divided into bars, powder and in the form of shavings.

Solid bar soap comes in 60, 66, 70 and 72%, liquid - 40% (1st grade) and 60% (highest grade). Powdered soaps are crushed and dried soap (68-82%) or compositions containing 10-25% fatty acids mixed with alkaline salts (soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium silicate and

Features of use and disadvantages of soap. Fat soap is widely used as a detergent and cleanser. However, it cannot be considered universal, since the washing effect of fatty soap does not always manifest itself in the same way.

The best cleaning effect is achieved when the concentration of soap in softened water is about 0.2-0.3% (30 g of soap in terms of anhydrous should be dissolved in 10 liters of water). Due to the high degree of hydrolysis, a highly diluted soap solution has a low cleaning effect.

Fat soap exhibits a cleaning effect only in an alkaline environment. In an acidic environment, it easily decomposes, releasing free fatty acids that do not have detergent properties.

In the washing solution, fatty soap is partially decomposed by water into alkali and fatty acids, resulting in the creation of a weak alkaline environment that has a destructive effect on wool, silk, as well as fabrics made from artificial and synthetic fibers. If the soap contains a high content of free (i.e., one that has not reacted with fat) alkali, the fabrics are destroyed faster, so when washing such fabrics it is not recommended to use ordinary laundry soap. The use of fatty soap is most effective when the washing solution is heated to 50-70° C. Elevated temperatures also negatively affect the strength of products made of wool, silk, artificial and synthetic fibers. In addition, a significant part (about 60%) of soap during washing is wasted unproductively. A small part of the soap is absorbed by the fibers and spent on neutralizing the acidity of the laundry; more than 30% of the soap is spent on softening the water, that is, binding calcium and magnesium salts contained in water, especially hard water.

The resulting insoluble compounds (lime soaps) due to stickiness are deposited on the fabric and give it a brownish-gray tint, especially noticeable after drying and ironing. Lime soap that has dried on fabric makes it harder and more brittle, hygroscopicity and breathability are noticeably reduced, and the fabric becomes soiled much faster and more intensely. In addition, these compounds accelerate the oxidative destruction of fiber and dye, causing a decrease in the strength of the fabric and the richness of the colors.

It is more difficult to remove lime soap than ordinary stains, so when washing in hard water, part of the soap is spent on removing lime soap from the surface of the material being washed.

In practice, the consumption of fatty soap when washing in hard water increases by about 3 times compared to washing in soft water, and in sea water, fatty soap has almost no detergent properties. Thus, the use of fatty soap in hard water leads to unproductive costs and can cause deterioration in the quality of the washed materials.

The cleaning efficiency of fatty soap can be increased if you first soften the water with special water softeners (soda, sodium or potassium silicates, trisodium phosphate, etc.) or use soap in a mixture with them.

Synthetic detergents?

Range. Synthetic detergents are formulations based on synthetic detergents. They usually contain 10-40% of synthetic detergents and additives that increase the cleaning power of the product, ensuring their release taking into account the properties of the materials being washed.

Synthetic detergents are divided according to purpose, types of synthetic detergent, and consistency.

According to their intended purpose, synthetic detergents are divided into 6 subgroups (see diagram No. 2).

Detergents for washing products made from cotton and linen fibers contain 20-40% detergent (usually sulfonol) - up to 55% alkaline salts (tripolyphosphate, soda ash, sodium silicate), 10-15% sodium sulfate, a small amount fragrances (fragrances), bleaches and carboxymethylcellulose. These products form highly alkaline cleaning solutions (pH 10-11); can be powder, liquid and in the form of pastes of various names. Recipes of three types of detergents for washing products made from cotton and linen fibers have been developed: colored, bleaching (contain 10-12% peroxide bleach), for washing in washing machines (containing an increased amount of detergent).

Detergents for washing products made from wool and silk fibers contain 35% alkyl sulfate, up to 55% neutral salts (sodium sulfate), a small amount of alkaline electrolytes, bleaches, and fragrance. In the washing solution, these products create an environment close to neutral (pH 7.3-8.5).

Detergents for washing products made from synthetic fibers also create an environment close to neutral. In composition, they resemble products intended for washing wool and silk fabrics, but contain an increased amount of carboxymethylcellulose and electrolytes.

Laundry detergents for wool, silk and synthetic fibers usually do not contain active alkalis such as sodium carbonates and silicates. Moderately alkaline salts (tripolyphosphate, disodium phosphate) at low washing temperatures do not have a harmful effect on products.

Universal products are recommended for washing products made from plant, animal and chemical fibers. These products do not contain highly alkaline salts (soda ash), as a result of which the washing solution has a moderately alkaline reaction (pH 8-9.5). Universal products are available without bleach (regular type) and with peroxide bleach.

Soak and pre-wash products contain small amounts of detergent (up to 15%) and approximately 45% alkaline electrolytes. No bleaches or fragrances are added to them.

Detergents for washing dishes, sinks, bathtubs and other household items are compositions that must wet surfaces well and have high emulsifying, dissolving and foaming properties. These products usually interact with contaminants on the surface being cleaned. The products contain detergents (synthetic and soaps), organic solvents, alkaline and other chemical compounds.

Glass (window, mirror, crystal) cleaners additionally contain a shine restorer (dyes such as methylene blue, etc.). Products for washing (cleaning) carpets, furniture upholstery, artificial fur, and leather contain components that promote the formation of abundant foam, which envelops and softens dirt; when the foam is removed, the dirt is also removed, and the product does not have time to get wet. Dishwashing, bath and sink detergents may also contain antiseptics that have bactericidal properties.

Synthetic detergents are classified according to consistency:

powder, liquid and paste. Powder products are the most common.

The types (names) of synthetic detergents, as a rule, do not determine their purpose and properties, but are arbitrary. The abundance of names is not always justified. Many products, despite different names, differ slightly in composition and cleaning ability. In this regard, standard formulations for products for various purposes have been developed, and the list of items has been shortened.

Features of use and disadvantages of synthetic detergents. Synthetic detergents are highly effective detergents. Compared to fatty soap, the production of synthetic detergents is based on cheap raw materials - products of processing paraffin, oil and gases. The production of a wide range of synthetic detergents makes it possible to obtain products taking into account the properties of the items being washed and the nature of water hardness.

Synthetic detergents are easily dosed, dissolve well in water at room temperature, do not require preliminary softening of the water, and wash away contaminants well in water of any hardness, including sea water. Synthetic detergents exhibit a cleaning effect at a relatively low temperature (20-30 ° C), they wash the fabric well in a neutral, acidic and alkaline environment, but do not increase the alkalinity of the solution. As a result, the freshness of the color is well preserved and the wear of the fabric is reduced.

Washing with synthetic detergents is less labor-intensive than with fatty soap; Their consumption is also significantly lower when achieving a washing effect identical to that of fatty soap. So, when using fatty soap, the best concentration of the washing solution in soft water is 0.2-0.3%, and for synthetic detergents - 0.05-0.2%.

However, synthetic products containing alkylaryl sulfonates as detergents cause irritation to the skin of the face and hands. Some sulfonols are difficult to biodigest, that is, they are not decomposed by bacteria into simple, easily digestible and harmless products. They pollute water bodies and cause the death of animals and plant organisms. In the USSR, mainly bio-reducible (biologically soft) synthetic detergents are produced.

Detergents are substances that can remove adhered particles of contaminants from washed surfaces and transfer them to a suspended state in water in the form of an emulsion and suspension. These particles are then removed along with the water.

Most SMS contain several types of detergents. In this case, the phenomenon of synergy is observed: strengthening the action of one component under the influence of another.

The range of SMS is very wide.

Currently, the chemical industry produces dozens of types of all kinds of cleaning and detergents, which are divided depending on their purpose:

1. Detergents for washing dishes, cleaning glass surfaces, earthenware, crystal, pottery.

2. Glass and mirror cleaning products.

3. Plumbing cleaning products.

4. Carpet and upholstery cleaning products.

5. Universal products.

1. For cleaning and dishwashing products, in which food products are stored, the food from which they are eaten is prepared, high demands are made: these products must, first of all, be absolutely harmless, that is, not contain toxic substances, not cause tarnishing of porcelain, corrosion of metal utensils, and not irritate the skin of the hands , quickly remove dirt and completely wash off with a minimum amount of water.

These properties are imparted to dishwashing detergents by their constituent sodium tripolyphosphate, soda ash, sodium metasilicate, urea, table salt and other substances.

2. Composition glass and mirror cleaners includes: alcohols, weak acids, organic acids, surfactants, synthetic detergents, solvents, phosphates and other components. These products do not contain abrasives, since solid particles can damage the glass surface when cleaning; sometimes soft abrasives (ground chalk) are added to some products. Products should not leave streaks on the surface being cleaned and should completely remove dirt.

3. Products intended for plumbing, must clean, disinfect and act within a certain time after contact with a contaminated surface, effectively removing limescale and rust. They contain abrasives - finely ground quartz, pumice, crumbling slag from electric smelting. These products contain surfactants, polyphosphates, silicates, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Some products also contain disinfectants.

4. For cleaning upholstery materials of upholstered furniture special preparations containing high-quality SMS, solvents, aromatic substances, and adsorbents are produced. When used for cleaning carpets, they use dry surfactant foam, which destroys dirt and draws them and dust particles that have settled on the carpet deep into the films. To increase the viscosity of the solution and the stability of the foam, additives of stabilizers are introduced - CMC, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl chloride alcohol, phosphates, and fatty acid amides. These products must be of high quality, have high washability, remove stains and dirt of various origins, and be easily washed off with water.

5. Universal detergents Designed for washing floors, tiles, glass, mirrors, cleaning carpets, for disinfecting and removing dirt from different surfaces. All-purpose detergents must remove dirt, clean and disinfect.

By consistency(aggregate state) detergents and cleaning products are divided into:

1. powder- replace fatty soaps, do not require edible fats for production, have a good cleaning effect even in an acidic environment and hard water, but are difficult to bioassimilate in wastewater by microorganisms, generate dust during washing, and cause allergic diseases.

2. pasty- easy to use, do not create dust when washing.

3. liquid- easy to use, have good washing and foaming abilities, are used to a lesser extent for washing, since they have less ability to vary the composition and enhance the washing effect without damaging the fabric.

Depending on the presence of abrasive components All cleaning products are divided into two groups:

1. abrasives as the main component they contain finely dispersed, natural or artificial substances - abrasives.

2. non-abrasive products Available in the form of powders and liquids.

They are distinguished by type (name - “Drop”, “Comet”, “Comet-gel”, “Best”, “Pril”, “Pril-balm”, “Domestos”, “Domestos-cream”, etc.).

According to packaging material SMS for cleaning are divided into:

1. SMS in plastic packaging;

2. SMS in cardboard packaging.

According to the presence of perfume fragrance SMS can be:

1. with fragrance (lemon, sea breeze, wild berries, apple, spring);

2. fragrance-free.

Let us name and characterize some brands of modern detergents and cleaning products produced in Russia:

1. Detergent “Drop”, manufactured by JSC “Vesna”, Samara. Designed for washing any dishes: porcelain, earthenware, glass and crystal. It is effectively washed off with water, leaving no streaks on the dishes, and has a pleasant smell. A specially designed grease removal system makes it easy to wash dishes even in cold water.

2. Detergent “Fairy”, manufactured by AK “Novomoskovskbytkhim”, Moscow. Economical dishwashing detergent, effectively removes grease even in cold water, gentle on hands.

3. “Cinderella” detergent for washing dishes, manufactured by JSC Concern “Kalina”, Yekaterinburg. Effectively removes fat even in cold water and does not irritate the skin of the hands.

4. Pemolux cleaning product, manufactured by Era OJSC, Tosno. Thanks to the soft and finely ground natural mineral, it does not damage or scratch surfaces, takes good care of them, and effectively removes grease and dirt from earthenware, ceramic, enameled and other moisture-resistant surfaces.

5. Cleaning agent “Bref”, manufactured by OJSC “Era”, Tosno. Cleaning product for plumbing equipment, effectively cleans and disinfects even in hard-to-reach places, removes specific contaminants, limescale, urinary stone, does not scratch or corrode the surface.

6. Domestos cleaning product, manufactured by Unilever LLC, Moscow. It is intended for disinfection and removal of stains and dirt from plumbing surfaces, and for unpleasant odors in drains.

7. Cleaning product “Comet”, manufactured by AK “Novomoskovskbytkhim”, Moscow. Universal cleaning and disinfecting powder, used for cleaning and disinfection of residential premises.

8. Cleaning agent “Sorti-second”. Manufacturer: Vesna JSC, Samara. A product for cleaning glass, mirrors and decorative crystal, easily and effectively removes dirt, leaves no streaks, and adds shine.

9. Tolk cleaning product, manufactured by Era OJSC, Tosno. Carpet and upholstery cleaner that effectively removes stains from carpets, rugs and upholstery.

The detergents and cleaning products listed above are produced using improved recipes and technologies, thanks to which the products have high consumer properties and are competitors in the market of our country.

The range of household chemicals is constantly updated and expanded with both domestic and foreign types of detergents and cleaning products. Less effective ones give way to more effective ones, less safe ones - more harmless to health, while not only the appearance of the packaging changes, but also the name, composition and production technology of detergents and cleaning products.