home Screw

Basic principles of the systems approach. Systems approach. Concept of system, element, structure Functions of the systems approach

Before its formation at the beginning of the 20th century. management sciences, rulers, ministers, generals, builders, when making decisions, were guided by intuition, experience, and traditions. Acting in specific situations, they sought to find better solutions. Depending on experience and talent, the manager could expand the spatial and temporal boundaries of the situation and spontaneously comprehend his object of management more or less systematically. But, nevertheless, until the 20th century. management was dominated by a situational approach, or management by circumstances. The defining principle of this approach is the adequacy of the management decision regarding a specific situation. In a given situation, the decision that is adequate is the one that is best from the point of view of changing the situation, immediately after the appropriate management influence has been exerted on it.

Thus, the situational approach is an orientation toward the immediate positive result (“and then we’ll see…”). It is thought that “next” there will again be a search for the best solution in the situation that arises. But the best decision at the moment may turn out to be completely different as soon as the situation changes or unaccounted for circumstances are discovered.

The desire to respond to everyone new turn or a reversal (change in vision) of the situation adequately leads to the manager being forced to make more and more new decisions that run counter to the previous ones. He actually ceases to control events, but goes with their flow.

This does not mean that management by circumstances is ineffective in principle. A situational approach to decision making is necessary and justified when the situation itself is extraordinary and the use of previous experience is obviously risky, when the situation changes quickly and in an unpredictable way, when there is no time to take into account all the circumstances. For example, rescuers from the Ministry of Emergency Situations often have to look for the best solution within a specific situation. But, nevertheless, in the general case, the situational approach is not effective enough and must be overcome, replaced or supplemented by a systematic approach.

The systems approach as a general methodological principle is used in various branches of science and human activity. The founder of general systems theory is Ludwig von Bertalanffy. In the early 1920s, the young Australian biologist Ludwig Bertalanffy began to study organisms as specific systems, summarizing his view in the book “Modern Theory of Development” (1929). In this book, he developed a systematic approach to the study of biological organisms. In the book “Robots, People and Consciousness” (1967), he transferred general systems theory to the analysis of processes and phenomena of social life. And in 1969, in his work “General Theory of Systems,” Bertalanffy transformed his theory of systems into a general disciplinary science.

A systems approach is an approach in which any system (phenomenon, process, any object) is considered as a set of interconnected elements (components), having an output (goal), input (resources), connection with external environment, feedback. This is the most complex approach. The systems approach is not a set of principles or guidelines for managers, but a way of thinking in relation to organization and management.

The basic principles of the systems approach ( system analysis) are some general provisions formed as a result of human experience working with complex systems:

The systems approach views the organization as an open system consisting of several interconnected subsystems. The organization receives resources from the external environment, processes them and produces goods and services to the external environment. To understand how a systems approach helps a manager better understand the organization, the interdependence between its individual parts and between the organization and the environment, and also more effectively achieve goals, we first define what a system is and organizational system.

A system is a certain integrity consisting of interdependent parts, each of which contributes to the characteristics of the whole. Any organization is considered as an organizational-economic system that has inputs and outputs, and a certain number of external connections. Thus, an organizational system is a certain set of internally interconnected parts of an organization, forming a certain integrity.

The main elements of the organizational system (and therefore the objects of organizational management) are: production; marketing and sales; finance; information; personnel, human resources - have a system-forming quality and the efficiency of using all other resources depends on them.

These elements are the main objects of organizational management. But there is another side to the organizational system:

The main characteristics of general systems theory are:

There are two types of organizational systems:

The presence of an event loop;

Negative entropy - for a commercial organization, the main criterion of negative entropy is its sustainable profitability over a significant time interval;

Feedback. Feedback refers to information that is generated, collected, and used by an open system to monitor, evaluate, control and correct its own activities. Feedback allows the organization to receive information about possible or actual deviations from the intended goal and make timely changes in the process of its development. Lack of feedback leads to pathology, crisis and collapse of the organization. People in an organization who collect and analyze information, interpret it, and systematize information flows have enormous power;

Dynamic homeostasis - the process of maintaining a balanced state by the organization itself;

Differentiation - a tendency towards growth, specialization and division of functions between various components that form a given system in response to changes in the external environment;

Equifinality. Open organizational systems are capable, unlike closed systems, achieve your goals in different ways, moving towards these goals from different starting conditions. There is not and cannot be one and best method achieving the goal. A goal can always be achieved in different ways, and you can move towards it at different speeds.

Thus, an organization as a system is a set of interconnected elements that form an integrity (i.e. internal unity, continuity, mutual connection). Any organization is an open system, because interacts with the external environment. It receives resources from the environment in the form of capital, raw materials, energy, information, people, equipment, etc., which become elements of its internal environment and these components are called inputs. In the course of its activities, with the help of certain technologies, part of the resources is processed and converted into products and services. These products and services are the outputs of the organization, which it exports to the external environment, i.e. any organizational system in dynamics is represented as 3 processes: input - transformation - output.

With a systems approach, the parameters of “output” are first examined, i.e. goods and services, namely what to produce, at what cost, for whom, in what time frame to sell and at what price. Only then are the “input” parameters determined, i.e., the need for resources is examined.

Any enterprise is a system that operates within a larger system - the foreign policy, economic, social and technical environment in which it constantly enters into complex interactions. It includes a series of subsystems that are also interconnected and interact. A dysfunction in one part of the system causes problems in other parts.

For example, a large bank is a system that operates within, interacts with, is connected to, and is affected by its wider environment. Bank departments and branches are subsystems that must interact without conflict in order for the bank as a whole to work effectively. If something goes wrong in a subsystem, it will ultimately (if left unchecked) affect the performance of the bank as a whole.

The value of the systems approach is that managers can more easily align their specific work with the work of the organization as a whole if they understand the system and their role in it. This is especially important for the CEO because the systems approach encourages him to maintain the necessary balance between the needs of individual departments and the goals of the entire organization. It forces him to think about the flow of information passing through the entire system, and also emphasizes the importance of communication. The systems approach helps to identify the reasons for making ineffective decisions, and it also provides tools and techniques for improving planning and control.

A modern leader must have systems thinking because:

A manager must perceive, process and systematize a huge amount of information and knowledge that is necessary for making management decisions;

A manager needs a systematic methodology with the help of which he could correlate some areas of his organization’s activities with others, and prevent quasi-optimization of management decisions;

A manager must see the forest for the trees, the general for the particular, rise above everyday life and realize what place his organization occupies in the external environment, how it interacts with another, larger system of which it is a part;

A systematic approach to management allows a manager to more productively implement his main functions: forecasting, planning, organization, leadership, control.

Systems thinking not only contributed to the development of new ideas about the organization (in particular, special attention was paid to the integrated nature of the enterprise, as well as the paramount importance and importance of information systems), but also ensured the development of useful mathematical tools and techniques that greatly facilitate the adoption of management decisions, the use of more advanced planning and control systems.

Thus, the systems approach allows us to comprehensively assess any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This will help analyze any situation within a single system, identify the nature of the input, process and output problems. The use of a systems approach allows us to best organize the decision-making process at all levels in the management system.

Despite all the positive results, systems thinking has still not fulfilled its most important purpose. The claim that it will allow the modern scientific method to be applied to management has yet to be realized. This is partly because large-scale systems are very complex. It is not easy to grasp the many ways in which the external environment influences internal organization. The interaction of many subsystems within an enterprise is not fully understood. System boundaries are very difficult to establish; too broad a definition will lead to the accumulation of expensive and unusable data, and too narrow a definition will lead to partial solutions to problems. It will not be easy to formulate the questions that the enterprise will face, or to accurately determine the information needed in the future. Even if the best and most logical solution is found, it may not be feasible. However, a systems approach makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of how an enterprise operates.

Systems theory by itself does not tell managers which elements of the organization as a system are important. It only says that an organization consists of numerous interdependent subsystems and is an open system that interacts with the external environment. This theory does not specifically identify the major variables that influence the management function. Nor does it determine what is environment influences management and how the environment influences the organization's performance. Obviously, managers must know what the variables of the organization as a system are in order to apply systems theory to the management process.

Tutorial output:

Olyanich D. B. Theory of organization: textbook / D. B. Olyanich [etc.]. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2008. - 408 p.: ill. - (Higher education).

Basic principles of the systems approach:

Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.
Hierarchical structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) elements arranged on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other.
Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.
Plurality, which allows the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
Systematicity, the property of an object to have all the characteristics of a system.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5
The founders of the systems approach are: A. A. Bogdanov, L. von Bertalanffy, E. de Bono, L. la Ruche, G. Simon, P. Drucker, A. Chandler, S. A. Chernogor, Malyuta A. N.
- A system is a collection of elements acting together as a whole and thereby performing a specific function.
- Structure is a way of interaction of system elements through certain connections (a picture of connections and their stabilities).
- A process is a dynamic change of a system over time.
- Function - the operation of an element in the system.
- State is the position of the system relative to its other positions.
- A systemic effect is the result of a special reorganization of system elements, when the whole becomes greater than the simple sum of its parts.
- Structural optimization is a targeted iterative process of obtaining a series of system effects in order to optimize an application goal within given constraints. Structural optimization is practically achieved using a special algorithm for the structural reorganization of system elements. A series of simulation models have been developed to demonstrate the phenomenon of structural optimization and for training.
Basic axiomatics
1. Systems exist.
2. The system view is true.
3. Systems interact with each other and, therefore, individual systems can be interconnected.
4. Any element of the system can be represented as a separate system.
5. Let us express the surrounding world in terms of system representation.
Features of the systems approach

A systems approach is an approach in which any system (object) is considered as a set of interconnected elements (components) that has an output (goal), input (resources), communication with the external environment, and feedback. This is the most complex approach. The systems approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics [ ] to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of general systems theory, according to which each object in the process of its research should be considered as a large and complex system and at the same time as an element of a more general system.
A detailed definition of a systems approach also includes the obligation to study and practical use the following eight aspects:
1. system-element or system-complex, consisting in identifying the elements that make up a given system. In all social systems one can find material components (means of production and consumer goods), processes (economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.) and ideas, scientifically-conscious interests of people and their communities;
2. system-structural, which consists in clarifying the internal connections and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing one to get an idea of the internal organization (structure) of the system under study;
3. system-functional, which involves identifying the functions for which the corresponding systems have been created and exist;
4. system-target, meaning the need for scientific determination of the goals and subgoals of the system, their mutual coordination with each other;
5. system-resource, which consists in carefully identifying the resources required for the functioning of the system, for the system to solve a particular problem;
6. system-integration, consisting in determining the totality of qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and peculiarity;
7. system-communication, meaning the need to identify external connections of a given system with others, that is, its connections with the environment;
8. systemic-historical, which makes it possible to find out the conditions in time for the emergence of the system under study, the stages it has passed through, the current state, as well as possible prospects for development.
Almost everything modern sciences built on a systemic principle. An important aspect of the systematic approach is the development of a new principle for its use - the creation of a new, unified and more optimal approach (general methodology) to cognition, for applying it to any cognizable material, with the guaranteed goal of obtaining the most complete and holistic understanding of this material.

see also

Notes

Literature
- Agoshkova E. B., Akhlibininsky B. V. Evolution of the concept of a system // Questions of philosophy. - 1998. - No. 7. - pp. 170-179.
- Blauberg I. V., Sadovsky V. N., Yudin E. G. Systems approach in modern science// Problems of system research methodology. - M.: Mysl, 1970. - P. 7-48.
- Blauberg I. V., Sadovsky V. N., Yudin E. G. Philosophical principle of systematicity and systems approach // Questions of philosophy. - 1978. - No. 8. - pp. 39-52.
- Voskoboynikov A.E. System research: basic concepts, principles and methodology // “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill." - 2013. -.
- No. 6 (November - December) Lektorsky V. A., Sadovsky V. N.
- On the principles of systems research in connection with the “general theory of systems” by L. Bertalanffy) // Questions of Philosophy. - 1960. - No. 8. - pp. 67-79. Rakitov A. I.
- Philosophical problems of science: Systematic approach. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 270 p. O'Connor Joseph, McDermott Ian.
The Art of Systems Thinking: Essential Skills for Creativity and Problem Solving //

The essence of the systems approach as the basis of systems analysis Research is carried out in accordance with the chosen purpose and in a certain sequence . Research is an integral part of an organization's management and is aimed at improving the basic characteristics of the management process. When conducting research on control systems object

research is the management system itself, which is characterized by certain characteristics and is subject to a number of requirements. The effectiveness of control systems research is largely determined by the research methods chosen and used. Research methods represent methods and techniques for conducting research. Their competent use contributes to obtaining reliable and complete results from the study of problems that have arisen in the organization. Selection of research methods, integration various methods

when conducting research, it is determined by the knowledge, experience and intuition of the specialists conducting the research. To identify the specifics of the work of organizations and develop measures to improve production and economic activities, it is used. system analysis The main goal

system analysis is the development and implementation of a control system that is selected as a reference system that best meets all the stated optimality requirements. To understand the laws governing human activity, it is important to learn to understand how in each specific case

Here lies a fundamental problem that affects almost the very foundations of the organization of any human activity. The same task in different contexts, at different levels of decision-making requires completely different ways organization and different knowledge.

The systems approach is one of the most important methodological principles of modern science and practice. System analysis methods are widely used to solve many theoretical and applied problems.

SYSTEM APPROACH is a methodological direction in science, the main task of which is to develop methods for research and design of complex objects - systems different types and classes. The systems approach represents a certain stage in the development of methods of cognition, methods of research and design activities, methods of describing and explaining the nature of analyzed or artificially created objects.

Currently, the systems approach is increasingly being used in management, and experience in building system descriptions research objects. The need for a systematic approach is due to the enlargement and complexity of the systems being studied, management needs large systems and knowledge integration.

"System" is a Greek word (systema), literally meaning a whole made up of parts; a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity, unity.

From the word “system” you can form other words: “systemic”, “systematize”, “systematic”. In a narrow sense, a systems approach will be understood as the use of systems methods to study real physical, biological, social and other systems.

The systems approach is applied to sets of objects, individual objects and their components, as well as to the properties and integral characteristics of objects.

A systems approach is not an end in itself. In each specific case, its use should give a real, quite tangible effect. A systematic approach allows us to identify gaps in knowledge about a given object, detect their incompleteness, determine the tasks of scientific research, and in some cases - through interpolation and extrapolation - predict the properties of the missing parts of the description.

Exists several types of systems approach: complex, structural, holistic.

It is necessary to determine the scope of these concepts.

A complex approach suggests the presence of a set of object components or applied research methods. In this case, neither the relationships between objects, nor the completeness of their composition, nor the relationships of the components as a whole are taken into account. Mainly static problems are solved: quantitative ratio of components and the like.

Structural approach offers the study of the composition (subsystems) and structures of an object. With this approach, there is still no correlation between subsystems (parts) and the system (whole). The decomposition of systems into subsystems is not carried out in a uniform way. The dynamics of structures, as a rule, are not considered.

At holistic approach relationships are studied not only between the parts of an object, but also between the parts and the whole. The decomposition of the whole into parts is unique. So, for example, it is customary to say that “the whole is something from which nothing can be taken away and to which nothing can be added.” The holistic approach offers the study of the composition (subsystems) and structures of an object not only in statics, but also in dynamics, i.e. it offers the study of the behavior and evolution of systems. The holistic approach is not applicable to all systems (objects). but only to those that are characterized by a high degree of functional independence. To the number the most important tasks of the systems approach relate:

1) development of means of representing researched and constructed objects as systems;

2) construction of generalized models of the system, models of different classes and specific properties systems;

3) study of the structure of systems theories and various system concepts and developments.

In systems research, the analyzed object is considered as a certain set of elements, the interconnection of which determines the integral properties of this set. The main emphasis is on identifying the variety of connections and relationships that take place both within the object under study and in its relationships with the external environment. The properties of an object as an integral system are determined not only and not so much by the summation of the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of its structure, special system-forming, integrative connections of the object under consideration. To understand the behavior of systems, primarily goal-oriented, it is necessary to identify the control processes implemented by a given system - forms of information transfer from one subsystem to another and ways of influencing some parts of the system on others, coordination of the lower levels of the system by elements of its higher level, control, influence on the latter all other subsystems. Significant value in the systems approach, attention is given to identifying the probabilistic nature of the behavior of the objects under study. Important feature systematic approach is that not only the object, but also the research process itself acts as a complex system, the task of which, in particular, is to combine into a single whole various models object. Finally, system objects, as a rule, are not indifferent to the process of their research and in many cases can have a significant impact on it.
The main principles of the systems approach are:

1. Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

2. Hierarchical structure, i.e. the presence of a plurality (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other.

3. Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.

4. Multiplicity, which allows the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

As noted above, with a systems approach, the study of the characteristics of an organization as a system becomes important, i.e. characteristics of "input", "process" and characteristics of "output".

In a systematic approach based on marketing research, the “output” parameters are first examined, i.e. goods or services, namely what to produce, with what quality indicators, at what costs, for whom, in what time frame to sell and at what price. Answers to these questions must be clear and timely. The “output” should ultimately be competitive products or services. Then the input parameters are determined, i.e. the need for resources (material, financial, labor and information) is examined, which is determined after a detailed study of the organizational and technical level of the system under consideration (level of equipment, technology, features of the organization of production, labor and management) and parameters of the external environment (economic, geopolitical, social, environmental and etc.).

And finally, no less important is the study of the parameters of the process that transforms resources into finished products. At this stage, depending on the object of study, production technology or management technology, as well as factors and ways of improving it, are considered.

Thus, the systems approach allows us to comprehensively assess any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This will help analyze any situation within a single system, identify the nature of the input, process and output problems.

The use of a systems approach allows us to best organize the decision-making process at all levels in the management system. An integrated approach involves taking into account both the internal and external environment of the organization when analyzing. This means that it is necessary to take into account not only internal, but also external factors - economic, geopolitical, social, demographic, environmental, etc.

Factors are important aspects when analyzing organizations and, unfortunately, are not always taken into account. For example, social issues are often not taken into account or postponed when designing new organizations. When introducing new technology, ergonomic indicators are not always taken into account, which leads to increased fatigue of workers and, ultimately, to a decrease in labor productivity. When forming new work teams, socio-psychological aspects, in particular, problems of labor motivation, are not properly taken into account. Summarizing what has been said, it can be argued that A complex approach is a necessary condition when solving the problem of analyzing an organization.

The essence of the systems approach has been formulated by many authors. In expanded form it is formulated V. G. Afanasyev, which identified a number of interrelated aspects that, taken together and unified, constitute a systematic approach:

– system-element, answering the question of what (what components) the system is formed from;

– system-structural, revealing the internal organization of the system, the way of interaction of its constituent components;

System-functional, showing what functions the system and its constituent components perform;

– system-communication, revealing the relationship of this system with others, both horizontally and vertically;

– system-integrative, showing mechanisms, factors for maintaining, improving and developing the system;

Systemic-historical, answering the question of how, in what way the system arose, what stages it went through in its development, what are its historical prospects.

The rapid growth of modern organizations and their level of complexity, the variety of operations performed have led to the fact that the rational implementation of management functions has become extremely difficult, but at the same time even more important for the successful operation of the enterprise. To cope with the inevitable increase in the number of operations and their complexity, a large organization must base its activities on a systems approach. Through this approach, the manager can more effectively integrate his activities in managing the organization.

The systems approach contributes, as already mentioned, mainly to the development of the correct method of thinking about the management process. A leader must think in accordance with a systems approach. When studying a systems approach, a way of thinking is instilled that, on the one hand, helps eliminate unnecessary complexity, and on the other, helps the manager understand the essence complex problems and make decisions based on a clear understanding of the environment. It is important to structure the task and outline the boundaries of the system. But it is equally important to consider that the systems that a manager encounters in the course of his activities are part of larger systems, perhaps including an entire industry or several, sometimes many, companies and industries, or even society as a whole. These systems are constantly changing: they are created, operated, reorganized and, sometimes, eliminated.

Systems approach is theoretical and methodological basis system analysis.

Systems approach
Systems approach- direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge, which is based on the consideration of an object as a system: an integral complex of interconnected elements (I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin); sets of interacting objects (L. von Bertalanffy); sets of entities and relationships (Hall A.D., Fagin R.I., late Bertalanffy).

Speaking about a systems approach, we can talk about a certain way of organizing our actions, one that covers any type of activity, identifying patterns and relationships in order to more effective use. At the same time, the systems approach is not so much a method of solving problems as a method of setting problems. As they say, "Correct asked question- half the answer." This is a qualitatively higher way of cognition than just an objective one.
Basic principles of the systems approach
- Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.
- Hierarchical structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) elements arranged on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other.
- Structuring, allowing you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.
- Plurality, which allows the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
- Systematicity, the property of an object to have all the characteristics of a system.
Basic definitions of the systems approach

The founders of the systems approach are: L. von Bertalanffy, A. A. Bogdanov, G. Simon, P. Drucker, A. Chandler.
- A system is a set of interconnected elements that form integrity or unity.
- Structure is a way of interaction of system elements through certain connections (a picture of connections and their stabilities).
- A process is a dynamic change of a system over time.
- Function - the operation of an element in the system.
- State is the position of the system relative to its other positions.
- A system effect is the result of a special reorganization of system elements, when the whole becomes greater than the simple sum of its parts.
- Structural optimization is a targeted iterative process of obtaining a series of system effects in order to optimize an application goal within given constraints. Structural optimization is practically achieved using a special algorithm for the structural reorganization of system elements. A series of simulation models have been developed to demonstrate the phenomenon of structural optimization and for training.
Basic assumptions of the systems approach
1. There are systems in the world
2. System description is true
3. Systems interact with each other, and, therefore, everything in this world is interconnected
4. Therefore the world is also a system
Aspects of the systems approach

A systems approach is an approach in which any system (object) is considered as a set of interconnected elements (components) that has an output (goal), input (resources), communication with the external environment, and feedback. This is the most complex approach. The systems approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general theory of systems, according to which each object in the process of its study should be considered as a large and complex system and, at the same time, as an element of a more general system.

A detailed definition of a systems approach also includes the mandatory study and practical use of the following eight aspects:
1. system-element or system-complex, consisting in identifying the elements that make up a given system. In all social systems one can find material components (means of production and consumer goods), processes (economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.) and ideas, scientifically-conscious interests of people and their communities;
2. system-structural, which consists in clarifying the internal connections and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing one to get an idea of the internal organization (structure) of the system under study;
3. system-functional, which involves identifying the functions for which the corresponding systems have been created and exist;
4. system-target, meaning the need for scientific determination of the goals and subgoals of the system, their mutual coordination with each other;
5. system-resource, which consists in carefully identifying the resources required for the functioning of the system, for the system to solve a particular problem;
6. system-integration, consisting in determining the totality of qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and peculiarity;
7. system-communication, meaning the need to identify the external connections of a given system with others, that is, its connections with the environment;
8. systemic-historical, which makes it possible to find out the conditions in time for the emergence of the system under study, the stages it has passed through, the current state, as well as possible prospects for development.
Almost all modern sciences are built on a systemic principle. An important aspect of the systematic approach is the development of a new principle for its use - the creation of a new, unified and more optimal approach (general methodology) to cognition, for applying it to any cognizable material, with the guaranteed goal of obtaining the most complete and holistic understanding of this material.

see also

Literature
- A. I. Rakitov “Philosophical problems of science: Systematic approach” Moscow: Mysl, 1977, 270 p.
- V. N. Sadovsky “Systems approach and general theory of systems: status, main problems and development prospects” Moscow: Nauka, 1980.
- Systems research. Yearbook. Moscow: Nauka, 1969-1983.
- Philosophical and methodological studies of technical sciences. - Questions of Philosophy, 1981, No. 10, p. 172-180.
- I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin “Systems approach in modern science” - In the book: Problems of methodology for systems research. M.: Mysl, 1970, p. 7-48.
- I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin “Philosophical principle of systematicity and systems approach” - Issue. Philosophy, 1978, No. 8, p. 39-52.
- G. P. Shchedrovitsky “Principles and general scheme methodological organization of system-structural research and development" - M.: Nauka, 1981, p. 193-227.
- V. A. Lektorsky, V. N. Sadovsky “On the principles of systems research
(in connection with the “general theory of systems” by L. Bertalanffy)” - Vopr. Philosophy, 1960, No. 8, p. 67-79.
- Savelyev A.V. Ontological extension of the theory functional systems// Journal of problems in the evolution of open systems, Kazakhstan, Almaty, 2005, No. 1(7), p. 86-94.
- Savelyeva T. S., Savelyev A. V. Difficulties and limitations of the systems approach in brain science // in collection. materials XI International. conference on neurocybernetics “Problems of neurocybernetics”. Rostov-on-Don, 1995, p. 208-209.
Links
- Agoshkova E.B., Akhlibinsky B.V. Evolution of the concept of a system // Questions of philosophy. - 1998. - No. 7. - P. 170-179.
- Sidorov S. V. Rules for implementing a systematic approach in managing a developing school // Electronic journal"Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2010. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
- Systems approach // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- Joseph O'Connor The Art of Systems Thinking. - 2008.
- Joseph O'Connor, Ian McDermott The Art of Systems Thinking: Essential Skills for Creativity and Problem Solving // "Alpina Publisher". - M., 2011. - No. 978-5-9614-1589-6.
Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.
Systems approach represents a direction in the methodology of scientific knowledge and social practice, which is based on the consideration of objects as systems.

The essence of the joint ventureconsists, firstly, in understanding the object of research as a system and, secondly, in understanding the process of studying the object as systemic in its logic and the means used.

Like any methodology, a systems approach implies the presence of certain principles and ways of organizing activities, in in this case activities related to the analysis and synthesis of systems.

The systems approach is based on the principles of purpose, duality, integrity, complexity, plurality and historicism. Let us consider in more detail the content of the listed principles.

Principle of purpose focuses on the fact that when studying an object it is necessary first of all identify the purpose of its functioning.

We should be primarily interested not in how the system is built, but why it exists, what is the goal of it, what caused it, what are the means of achieving the goal?

The goal principle is constructive if two conditions are met:

The goal must be formulated in such a way that the degree of its achievement can be assessed (set) quantitatively;

The system must have a mechanism to assess the degree to which a given goal has been achieved.

2. The principle of duality follows from the principle of purpose and means that the system should be considered as part of a higher-level system and at the same time as an independent part, acting as a single whole in interaction with the environment. In turn, each element of the system has its own structure and can also be considered as a system.

The relationship with the principle of purpose is that the purpose of the operation of the object should be subordinated to solving the problems of the functioning of the system more high level. Goal is a category external to the system. It is given to her by a system of a higher level, of which this system is included as an element.

3.Principle of integrity requires considering an object as something isolated from a set of other objects, acting as a whole in relation to the environment, having its own specific functions and developing according to its own laws. At the same time, the need to study individual aspects is not denied.

4.The principle of complexity indicates the need to study an object as a complex formation and, if the complexity is very high, it is necessary to consistently simplify the representation of the object in such a way as to preserve all its essential properties.

5.The principle of plurality requires the researcher to present a description of the object at multiple levels: morphological, functional, informational.

Morphological level gives an idea of the structure of the system. The morphological description cannot be exhaustive. The depth of the description, the level of detail, that is, the choice of elements into which the description does not penetrate, is determined by the purpose of the system. The morphological description is hierarchical.

The specification of morphology is given at as many levels as are required to create an idea of the basic properties of the system.

Functional Description associated with the transformation of energy and information. Every object is interesting primarily for the result of its existence, the place it occupies among other objects in the surrounding world.

Information Description gives an idea of the organization of the system, i.e. about information relationships between system elements. It complements the functional and morphological descriptions.

Each level of description has its own specific laws. All levels are closely interconnected. When making changes at one level, it is necessary to analyze possible changes at other levels.

6. The principle of historicism obliges the researcher to reveal the past of the system and identify trends and patterns of its development in the future.

Predicting the behavior of a system in the future is a necessary condition for decisions made to improve existing system or the creation of a new one ensures the effective functioning of the system for a given time.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

System analysis represents the totality scientific methods and practical techniques for solving various problems based on a systematic approach.

The methodology of systems analysis is based on three concepts: problem, problem solution and system.

Problem- is a discrepancy or difference between the existing and required state of affairs in any system.

The required position can be necessary or desired. The necessary state is dictated by objective conditions, and the desired state is determined by subjective prerequisites, which are based on the objective conditions of the functioning of the system.

Problems existing in one system are usually not equivalent. To compare problems and determine their priority, attributes are used: importance, scale, generality, relevance, etc.

Identifying the problem carried out by identification symptoms that determine the system’s inadequacy for its purpose or its insufficient efficiency. Symptoms that appear systematically form a trend.

Symptom identification is carried out by measuring and analyzing various indicators of the system, the normal values of which are known. A deviation from the norm is a symptom.

Solution consists in eliminating the differences between the existing and required state of the system. Elimination of differences can be done either by improving the system or by replacing it with a new one.

The decision to improve or replace is made taking into account the following provisions. If the direction of improvement provides a significant increase in the life cycle of the system and the costs are incomparably small in relation to the cost of developing the system, then the decision to improve is justified. Otherwise, you should consider replacing it with a new one.

A system is created to solve the problem.

Main systems analysis components are:

1. The purpose of system analysis.

2. The goal that the system must achieve in the process of: functioning.

3. Alternatives or options for building or improving the system, through which it is possible to solve the problem.

4. Resources necessary to analyze and improve the existing system or create a new one.

5. Criteria or indicators that allow you to compare different alternatives and select the most preferable ones.

7. A model that links together the goal, alternatives, resources and criteria.

Methodology for conducting system analysis

1.System Description:

a) determining the purpose of system analysis;

b) determining the goals, purpose and functions of the system (external and internal);

c) determining the role and place in the higher-level system;

d) functional description (input, output, process, feedback, restrictions);

e) structural description (discovery of relationships, stratification and decomposition of the system);

f) information description;

g) description of the life cycle of the system (creation, operation, including improvement, destruction);

2.Identifying and describing the problem:

a) determining the composition of performance indicators and methods for calculating them;

b) Selection of functionality for assessing the effectiveness of the system and setting requirements for it (determining the necessary (desired) state of affairs);

b) determining the actual state of affairs (calculating the effectiveness of the existing system using the selected functionality);

c) establishing a discrepancy between the necessary (desired) and actual state cases and their assessment;

d) history of the occurrence of nonconformity and analysis of the causes of its occurrence (symptoms and trends);

e) formulation of the problem;

f) identifying connections between the problem and other problems;

g) forecasting the development of the problem;

h) assessment of the consequences of the problem and conclusion about its relevance.

3. Selection and implementation of directions for solving the problem:

a) structuring the problem (identifying subproblems)

b) identifying bottlenecks in the system;

c) research on the alternative “improving the system - creating new system”;

d) determining directions for solving the problem (selection of alternatives);

e) assessment of the feasibility of directions for solving the problem;

f) comparison of alternatives and selection of an effective direction;

g) coordination and approval of the chosen direction for solving the problem;

h) highlighting the stages of solving the problem;

i) implementation of the chosen direction;

j) checking its effectiveness.

Basic principles of the systems approach. Systems approach. Concept of system, element, structure Functions of the systems approach

Encyclopedic YouTube

Basic axiomatics

Features of the systems approach

see also

Notes

Literature

Basic definitions of the systems approach

Basic assumptions of the systems approach

Aspects of the systems approach

see also

Literature

Links

2010.