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The philosophy of the ancient China The origins of the philosophy of the ancient China should be sought in half-phth monuments of Chinese writing, incl. In the famous "Book of Change", the comments on which the beginning of China's philosophy was marked. "Book of Changes" - one of the main sources in which the basic principles of the development of philosophical thinking in China are laid. Its texts were created at different times (XII-VI centuries. BC). In this book, we can trace the transition from the mythological reflection of the world to his philosophical understanding. Her text bears the reflection of the ancient myths of China about the two beginnings (spirits) - Yin and Yang, who acquire here already the conceptual form.

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Yang is a male, bright and active principle (spirit). It controls the sky. Yin - female, dark and passive start. It controls the Earth. At the same time, we are not talking about dualistic, but rather a dialectical connection between them, because Yang and Yin can act in the separation from each other, but only in cooperation, in the combination of their forces. Alternation Yang and Yin is called the way (Dao), which is held all things. "Book of Change" Tracks Tao - the path of things and the path of peace in motion. One of the main tasks of a person is to understand its place in the world, "connect its strength with heaven and earth."

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Philosophy in the period Chunzu - Zhango. A period of Chunzu (VIII-V centuries. BC. E.) -Hezhango (V - III centuries. BC er) is a time of major changes in China. During this period, the transition to feudal society is carried out, which had an impact on all parties to life, including the worldview of people. In China, there was a situation that called the "rivalry of all schools" and granted powerful impetus to the development of philosophical thought. Among these schools are the main following six: School of serving people (Confucians); Mystov School (followers of Mo Tzu); Daosist School (Central Category - Dao); School of lawnists (legists); School of Nominalists (School of Names); School of supporters of Yin and Yang (natural philosophers).

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Confucianism. This is one of the most important directions of the development of Chinese philosophy. The founder of this direction was Confucius (551 - 479 BC. Er). In the literature, he is often referred to as Kun Tzu, which means Kun teacher. The main source of his teaching is the book "Lun Yui" ("Conversations and judgments") - statements and conversations with students. In the center of his teaching there is a person, his mental and moral development and behavior. He pays great attention to the education of the ideal, noble person (Jun-Tzu), which should be carried out in the spirit of respect for people and society. At the same time, the person himself is seen by Confucius as a functional element of society, as a person-function subordinate to society. The noble husband has its antipode - the so-called "low person" (Xiao Zhen). This is the one who in his actions is guided only by the considerations of personal gain, who is looking for accomplices everywhere, but does not respect them nor themselves who is having mercies, and having got the desired, forgets about gratitude.

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A noble husband lives in harmony with everyone. A low person is looking for a similar one. The noble husband is impartial and does not tolerate groupbuds. Low man loves to face people and pinch cliques. The noble husband is resistant tolerating trouble. Low man in trouble dismisses. A noble husband with dignity awaits the beings of heaven. Low person hopes for good luck. A noble husband helps people see good in themselves and does not teach people to see in themselves bad. And the low person comes around. A noble husband in the shower is serene. Low person is always concerned. What is looking for a noble husband is in himself. What is looking for a low person is in others. The standard of man walking along the way-Tao, Confucius believes "Jun-Tzu" ("noble husband"). The main qualities of "Jun-Tzu" include "Zhen" - humanity, "and" - justice, "Ji" - knowledge "Lee" - Ritual.

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The main quality of a noble husband, brought up by ritual and music, Confucius called "humanity" (Zhen). "Man endowed with humanity possesses five qualities: he is entrusted, generous, honest, ditched and kind. He who keeps in circulation will avoid insults. He who is generous will attract people. One who is honest will enjoy the confidence of others. The one who is adjacent will succeed. The one who is kind can use people in service. " In some judgments, Confucius emphasizes the inextricable relationship of "humanity" with a ritual, and once the teacher explained the meaning of "humanity" with the words of his famous Maxim, which reminds the Gospel Commandment: "Do not do something else." The basis of all public and moral norms of behavior and education from Confucius is a religious ritual. It can be said that in the ritual of Confucius opened a new type of wisdom and philosophy. The rod of wisdom is the observance of the ritual, and the essence of philosophy is its correct explanation and understanding.

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The manifestation of Jene is all the moral qualities of the personality, but the basis of Zhen is Siao, which occupies an particular place among other categories, this is a sowfulness, respect for parents and elders. Xiao - and the most effective method of managing the country, which was considered by Confucius as a big family. Therefore, the relations of the ruler and the subject should, considers Confucius, to build analogous to the attitude of the father and the Son, the elder brother and the younger. The uniform of all people and their unity with space, he considered a respectful attitude towards the sky, a sense of divine alliance. And God for him was the sky as a sacred moral element that controls the whole world.

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Confucius edited the oldest canonical texts in Chinese culture. Such a combination of traditionalism with the preparal of the personal responsibility of everyone for the state of affairs in the Middle Kingdom in the historical perspective discovered its exceptional productivity. Confucius became an object of worship, and in 1503 he was ranked sainted. Already at the Han Empire (2 V. BC - 3 V. N.E.) Confucianism has become a state ideology and later actually became the basis of a specific Chinese lifestyle, in many respects forming a unique appearance of Chinese civilization. Confucianism remained dominant in China ideology until the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949

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Taoism (from Kit. Dao Jia - School Dao). Along with the Confucianism, Taoism is the most important philosophical school in China, which arose in the second half of the I thousand BC. e. It is considered to be Lao Tzu (VI - V BT BC) in the center of the teachings of Taois is the category of Tao (literally - the path, road). Dao is an invisible universal natural law of nature, human society, behavior and thinking of a separate individual. Tao inseparable from the material world and manages them. In the teaching on the Tao, elements of the initial dialectic are found: Dao - empty and at the same time inexhaustible; It is inactive, but thereby doing everything; resting and simultaneously moving; It is very beginning for himself, but he has no beginning, no end, etc. Cognition of Tao identically knowledge of the universal, internal law of self-development of nature and its self-organization. In addition, knowledge of Tao assumes the ability to comply with this law.

Taoism comment using a table about dialectic: "When everything in the Middle Kingdom find out that the perfect is beautiful, and ugly appear. When everyone finds out that kind is good, there is also evil. Therefore, being and non-existence generate each other, difficult and easy creating each other, the long and short correspondent, the high and low are mutually determined, the sounds, merging, come into harmony, the previous one and the subsequent follows each other. "// Lao Zi. Dadajin. Fragment 2. Find two more fragments in the book about Dao, where the dialectic is pronounced pronounced. Insert into the presentation. Emphasize or comment on them.

Taoism Dao as a substance. Allocate ontological and gnoseological aspects: "I look at him and I do not see, and therefore I call him invisible. I listen to him and I do not hear, so I call him in a silent. I try to grab him and do not reach, so I call him the smallest. Do not strive to learn about the source of this, because it is one. Its top is not lit, its bottom is not darkened. It is infinite and cannot be called. It comes back to non-existence. And here is called it form without forms, in a way without being. Therefore, they call it unclear and foggy. I meet with him and I do not see his face, following him and I do not see his back "// Lao Tzu. Dodejin. Fragment 14.

Taoism Dao as a general law: "A person follows [the laws] of the Earth. Earth should [the laws] of the sky. The sky should [the laws] Dao, and the Dao follows itself "// Lao Tzu. Dadajin. Fragment 25. Find in the text of the book two more fragments characterizing the Tao as a law.

Taoism Dao as a law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. "Clearing does not leave the traces. Able to speak does not allow mistakes. Who knows how to count, does not use the account tool. Who knows how to close the doors, does not use constipation and closes them so hard that it is impossible to open them. Who knows how to tie nodes, does not use the rope, [but it covers so firmly] that it is impossible to unleash "// ibid. Fragment 27.

Taoism Dao as a law. The world is like a process. The fluidity of being: "Spring - dawn. All whiter is the edge of the mountains, here they are slightly lit up with light. Touched by purple clouds with thin ribbons steeked across the sky. In the summer - night. There is no words, it is beautiful in the moon, but the little worm of his eyes glad when each other is a friend of countless fireflies. If one or two lights drill dim in the dark, it is still delightful. Even during the rain - unusually beautiful. Autumn - twilight. Sunset sun, throwing bright rays, is nearing to the tooth of the mountains. Crows, three, four, two, two, hurry to their nests - what kind of sad charm! But still sad on the soul, when wild geese is drawn through the sky, very small looks. The sun will go, and everything is full of incomprehensible sadness: wind noise, ringing cycad ... in winter - early morning. Fresh snow, there is nothing to say, beautiful, white-white frost, too, but wonderful and frosty morning without snow. Fire is hurriedly, burning coals make, - so you feel the winter! By noon, the cold goes, and the fire in a round brazier goes out under the layer of ash, that's what is bad! " // Sea Senagon. Notes at the headboard. http://lib.ru/inproz/senagon/pillowbook.txt.

Taoism Dao as a law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. Artism In all its actions, an experienced person does not use strength. The force is not required if you follow the principle in all your actions. So, having hit the enemy with a sword, you do not use physical strength, no matter how difficult your sword was. (...) When during polishing from a tree, bamboo or precious stones, you press them too much, polish them well - it is impossible // Tacuan Soho. Evening conversations in Tokaji Temple. SPB., 2005. P. 132-133.

Taoism. Spontaneity gnoseology needs to talk less, follow natural. Fast wind does not last all morning, heavy rain will not last all day. Who does all this? Heaven and Earth. Even the sky and the earth cannot do something durable, especially person. Therefore, it serves Dao. The one who [serves] Tao, that is identical to Dao // Lao Tzu. Dadajin. Fragment 23.

Taoism. The spontaneity gnoseology "The correct mind does not stop in any place. This is the mind that covers the whole body and personality. The confused mind focuses in any one place and freezes in it. When the correct mind freezes and turns out to be in some one place, it can be called a confused mind. (...) Without staying in one place, the correct mind is like water. The embarrassed mind is like ice, which can not be washed out or head ... "// Takuan Soho. Letters of Master Zen Master Fencing. St. Petersburg., 2003. P. 48.

Taoism without leaving the courtyard, you can know the world. Without peeping out of the window, you can see a natural Dao. The further you go, the less you know. Therefore, the perforated does not go, but know [everything]. Not seeing [things], it penetrates [Essence]. Not acting, he achieves success // Lao Tzu. Dadajin. Fragment 47. Answer questions: What is the possibility of knowledge of the world, "without leaving the courtyard"? Why do Natural Dao can be seen, "not looking out of the window"? Why not "go further" for knowledge?

Taoism Dao as emptiness: "Thirtyps are connected in one hub, [forming a wheel], but the use of wheels depends on the emptiness between [the knitting]. From clay, vessels are made, but the use of vessels depends on the emptiness in them. Pave the doors and windows to make the house, but the use of the house depends on the emptiness in it. That is why the usefulness of something existing depends on emptiness "// ibid. Fragment 11.

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The philosophy of the ancient China

T. Y. Fastrov Ekaterinburg 2011

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Comment, using a table of dialectic: "When everything in the subnet member finds out that the perfect is excellent, and ugly. When everyone finds out that kind is good, there is also evil. Therefore, being and non-existence generate each other, difficult and easy creating each other, the long and short correspondent, the high and low are mutually determined, the sounds, merging, come into harmony, the previous one and the subsequent follows each other. "// Lao Zi. Dadajin. Fragment 2. Find two more fragments in the book about Dao, where the dialectic is pronounced pronounced. Insert into the presentation. Emphasize or comment on them.

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Dao as a substance. Allocate ontological and gnoseological aspects: "I look at him and I do not see, and therefore I call him invisible. I listen to him and I do not hear, so I call him in a silent. I try to grab him and do not reach, so I call him the smallest. Do not strive to learn about the source of this, because it is one. Its top is not lit, its bottom is not darkened. It is infinite and cannot be called. It comes back to non-existence. And here is called it form without forms, in a way without being. Therefore, they call it unclear and foggy. I meet with him and I do not see his face, following him and I do not see his back "// Lao Tzu. Dodejin. Fragment 14.

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Dao as a law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. "Clearing does not leave the traces. Able to speak does not allow mistakes. Who knows how to count, does not use the account tool. Who knows how to close the doors, does not use constipation and closes them so hard that it is impossible to open them. Who knows how to tie nodes, does not use the rope, [but it covers so firmly] that it is impossible to unleash "// ibid. Fragment 27.

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Dao as a law. The world is like a process. The fluidity of being: "Spring - dawn. All whiter is the edge of the mountains, here they are slightly lit up with light. Touched by purple clouds with thin ribbons steeked across the sky. In the summer - night. There is no words, it is beautiful in the moon, but the little worm of his eyes glad when each other is a friend of countless fireflies. If one or two lights drill dim in the dark, it is still delightful. Even during the rain - unusually beautiful. Autumn - twilight. Sunset sun, throwing bright rays, is nearing to the tooth of the mountains. Crows, three, four, two, two, hurry to their nests - what kind of sad charm! But still sad on the soul, when wild geese is drawn through the sky, very small looks. The sun will go, and everything is full of incomprehensible sadness: wind noise, ringing cycad ... in winter - early morning. Fresh snow, there is nothing to say, beautiful, white-white frost, too, but wonderful and frosty morning without snow. Fire is hurriedly, burning coals make, - so you feel the winter! By noon, the cold goes, and the fire in a round brazier goes out under the layer of ash, that's what is bad! " // Sea Senagon. Notes at the headboard. http://lib.ru/inproz/senagon/pillowbook.txt.

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Dao as a law. The theme of naturalness and spontaneity. Artism In all its actions, an experienced person does not use strength. The force is not required if you follow the principle in all your actions. So, having hit the enemy with a sword, you do not use physical strength, no matter how difficult your sword was. (...) When during polishing from a tree, bamboo or precious stones, you press them too much, polish them well - it is impossible // Tacuan Soho. Evening conversations in Tokaji Temple. SPB., 2005. P. 132-133.

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Taoism. Gnoseology spontaneity

You need to talk less, follow natural. Fast wind does not last all morning, heavy rain will not last all day. Who does all this? Heaven and Earth. Even the sky and the earth cannot do something durable, especially person. Therefore, it serves Dao. The one who [serves] Tao, that is identical to Dao // Lao Tzu. Dadajin. Fragment 23.

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"The correct mind does not stop in any place. This is the mind that covers the whole body and personality. The confused mind focuses in any one place and freezes in it. When the correct mind freezes and turns out to be in some one place, it can be called a confused mind. (...) Without staying in one place, the correct mind is like water. The embarrassed mind is like ice, which can not be washed out or head ... "// Takuan Soho. Letters of Master Zen Master Fencing. St. Petersburg., 2003. P. 48.

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Without leaving the yard, you can know the world. Without peeping out of the window, you can see a natural Dao. The further you go, the less you know. Therefore, the perforated does not go, but know [everything]. Not seeing [things], it penetrates [Essence]. Not acting, he achieves success // Lao Tzu. Dadajin. Fragment 47. Answer questions: What is the possibility of knowledge of the world, "without leaving the courtyard"? Why do Natural Dao can be seen, "not looking out of the window"? Why not "go further" for knowledge?

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Dao as emptiness: "Thirtyps are connected in one hub, [forming a wheel], but the use of wheels depends on the voids between [the knitting]. From clay, vessels are made, but the use of vessels depends on the emptiness in them. Pave the doors and windows to make the house, but the use of the house depends on the emptiness in it. That is why the usefulness of something existing depends on emptiness "// ibid. Fragment 11.

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The philosophy of the ancient China

Three great teachings originated in China: Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism. Without these three teachings, the philosophy of the ancient China would resemble the building without foundation - their contribution to one of the deepest philosophical systems in the world.

Kun Fu-Tzu (Confucius) 551 - 479 BC Born in a notable family. His father was a military man, and his mother is his third wife. After 2 years, his father died, leaving a family without a means to the existence of Confucius since childhood worked as a guard, shepherd. At the age of 15 began to engage in self-education. Soon he became an official. Later went to travel through the states of China, studying their customs and laws. By 30 years, he became known as an expert of science and rituals. He has student students.

Confucianism of Confucius's disciples recorded his thoughts and judgments and made up the book "Lun-Yu" ("Conversations and judgments"). Confucianism is not religion. The golden rule of ethics: "Do not do the man of what you do not want yourself." Confucius. Figure from the book "Myths and Legends of China" The ideal of Confucianism - the creation of a harmonious society

Five basic ideas of Confucius Zhen (仁) - "Love for people", "Mercy", "Humanity". A person must be guided by love for people. This is what distinguishes him from the animal. And (义 [義]) - "True" , Justice. A person must be fair. To read the parents, because it is right - they were raised. Lee (礼 [禮]) - "Custom", "rite", "Ritual". A person must comply with all rituals and Customs, then there will be no place for conflicts and evil. Ji (智) - common sense, prudence, "wisdom." The ability to calculate the consequences of their actions, look at them from the side. Blue (信) - sincerity, "good intention", ease and Good faith. These qualities are warned by hypocrisy. People are not born evil. They begin to differ from each other thanks to the upbringing. The foolishness spoils the person, so it is necessary to make a right upbringing. The main goal on the human life is to improve. Houses of descendants of Confucius in his hometown Tsyufu

Lao Tzu Translation name: "Old philosopher" or "old child". Version: Lao Tzu and Confucius is one person. 604g.do AD. - The time of death is unknown a hemale-free Chinese thinker, the founder of the philosophy of Taoism was a very educated person. He served as the keeper of the state archive and a librarian at the Zhou dynasty. In protest against intrigue and wars in the state, he left the country. On the border outpost, he left the manuscript "Dae De Jing". It is not known where he lived, how, where and when he died. It is believed that he lived 160 or even 200 years

Taoism Dao is the central concept of Taoism. This is the natural course of things, the fate of everything in the world. But fate is not predetermined, but as eternal movement and change, alternation of dark and bright stripes, Yin and Yang. Tao graphic symbol Yin-Yang taken apart from each other, two parts of the circle are incomplete, but together they form a harmonious unity. Yin Yang female male darkness light warm fire today is good tomorrow there will be a bad Taoist parable: the wise does not fight with anyone. If he has an enemy, he will not kill him. He will sit on the shore and will wait until the corpse of the enemy itself sails by him.

The main provisions of Taoism all in the world develops naturally and is in constant change, it is impossible to interfere in this process, the human goal is a harmonious merger with nature, consent to the outside world, which brings peace, the development of civilization leads to disharmony with the world, to the rupture of links with Nature, chaos and wars, therefore, it is necessary to return to the origins, to get closer to nature. Chinese philosophy is interested in the first place by moral problems, human behavior and its inner world. 中国 哲学 Chinese philosophy

The philosophy of the ancient India Vedas (translated from Sanskrit - "Knowledge", "Teaching") is the most ancient collection of religious texts. The philosophical part of the Vedas - "Upanishada".

Important concepts of Indian philosophy: Sansara - the doctrine of the resettlement of the soul, reincarnation. The soul of man is eternal, after the death of the body, she moves to another body (man, animal, god). Karma is the law of rejection. All actions (good or bad) are reflected in the person's karma. With righteous behavior, the soul moves into the body of God, priests or artisan. With a vague behavior - into the body of a dog, pig or untouchable. Ahimsa - Non-the harm to the living. All living creatures have an equivalent soul, so it cannot be harmful.

Orthodox philosophical schools (recognizing the authority "Vedas": Vedanta, Yoga, Vaishechik. Orthodox philosophical schools (recognizing the authority of the "Vedas": Vedanta proposes to carefully study the texts of "Vedas", where there are answers to all questions. If it is not clear, contact Guru (teacher ). Vaishechika believes to avoid suffering, it is necessary to accept the life of what it is. Yoga adds a system of physical and spiritual exercises to be freed from pain and suffering.

Unorthodox philosophical schools (original teachings): Labata, Jainism, Buddhism. Located: only pleasure can cope with suffering, death is irrevocated, the life is short, you need to have time to enjoy life. Jainism: the body is the dungeon of the immortal soul, it seeks to sin, it is necessary to get rid of the tyranny of the body with the help of asceticism.

Buddhism is the most developed teaching of ancient India in philosophically. The main idea: the liberation of the soul from suffering, enlightenment and achievement of Nirvana (translated from Sanskrit - Blessed Necession, Eternal Peace). The founder - Siddhart Gautama, called Buddha (OK.623 - 544 BC) Gautama was the son of one ruler of India. He was brought up in luxury, nothing know about suffering. But once, going beyond the limits of the palace, he saw an old man, a patient and a funeral procession. He realized the whole depth of man's suffering and decided to devote himself to finding truth. 6 years he lived hermit, until he reached enlightenment (became Buddha). All the remaining life he preached his teaching.

Buddha is not God, but a teacher. Siddhartha Gautama is not the first and not the last Buddha, he is only one of the series Buddha from the distant past to a distant future. Buddha statue in Japan to achieve Nirvana need: righteous knowledge, righteous attitude, righteous speech, righteous behavior, righteous effort, righteous concentration. Only accurately fulfilling these requirements, you can escape from the Circle of Sansary and no longer reborn for life and the sufferings associated with it.

The Ancient Chinese and Old Indian philosophy gave the world many different and original ideas that have enriched world philosophical thought. In recent centuries, European philosophy is increasingly referring to the ideas of compassion and non-violence, spiritual self-improvement.

• China as the state was formed at the beginning of the II, Millennium BC.
• The Ancient Chinese State was a hierarchical despoty. The head of state stood a monarch. The hereditary monarch was also the first priest and the only landowner. Further on the hierarchy there was land aristocracy, behind the aristocrats were commoner.
• In the IIth of the II and the beginning of the I-th millennium BC, a religious worldview was dominated in China. The Chinese believed that everything that existed and what was happening in the world depends on the predetermination of the sky. Therefore, it was believed that the head of state is the "son of the sky." Residents of China believed that their lives depend on the influence of certain spirits, so they had a sacrifice to these spirits.

• According to the ancient Chinese philosophers, the world arose from chaos. It was argued that two spirits: yin (feminine) and yan. (Male Beginning) Organized Sharpened Chaos, while breeding the world.
• At the beginning of the I-th millennium BC, a natural philosophical concept is formed. The same perfumes that affect the lives of people are represented as some material forces. There is an existence of a certain ether consisting of material particles q. . As a result of the impact on this ester of the perfume, Yin and Yang, it turns out heavy, female particles - yin-Qi. and men's lung particles - yan-Qi. . These particles generate five originally, from which everything existing ones is formed.

• These are the following initial:
• the fire
• Wood
• Metal
• Land

• In the philosophical views of the ancient China there is an idea of Dao . Dao is an impersonal world pattern that nature and people are observed.

• In the VI - III centuries BC, significant changes occur in China. Agriculture is developing with high rates, the latest tools and tools are applied, private property appears on Earth, the social struggle and war between states begin. The oldest China included 24 principalities, but by the I-th millennium BC in China in China there were 156 principalities.

• All these reasons influenced the ancient Chinese culture and philosophy, determining the struggle of various philosophical and political schools. Chinese philosophers mainly engaged in the problem of achieving order in society.

• The most influential philosophical political schools were followers of the following teachings:
• Min-Jia
• F-Jia

• The founder of Taoism is Lao Tzu (Translated from the Chinese language means "old teacher" or "gray-haired child"), born in the 604th year BC.
• The central concept of the teachings of Taoism - Tao is the general pattern of peace, the first priority and the completion of the entire existing one. Tao is forever, unnamed, inexcluded and shameless, inexhaustible and infinite in their movement. Tao is present in all material things and leads to changes in these things, turning things in their opposite.
• Taoism recognizes the independence of human actions. The reason for all adversity is considered to be followers of Taoism, this is a violation of the action of Tao. Consequently, to get rid of adversity - you need to abandon everything achieved.

• The teaching of Taoism is inclined to the fatalistic point of view: people should not counteract the action of Dao, since their efforts can lead to reverse, undesirable results.
• Reasonable behavior, according to Taoism, is the desire for calmness, to moderation. The basis of the management concept, Taoism believes device concept .
• Cognition for the followers of Dao teachings does not matter, as they believe that the more the person knows, the farther he leaves from true Dao.

• The founder of Confucianism is Kun Tzi. (Confucius), who lived in 551-479 to our era.
• Confucius taught that the sky is the highest strength, a formidable lord, fate, rock. He is dissatisfied with the existing position of things. His ideals are not in the future, but in the past.
• Kun Tzi. founded the idea "Corrections of names" . This idea was to try to bring phenomena to their former values. With all the deviations from the norm, it considered Confucius, it should be returned to it.
• The basis of order in the country on confusion is lie (ceremonial, ritual, respect, decency and so on ...)
• Confucian ethics relies on the concepts of "reciprocity" (Schu), "Golden Mid" (Zhong Yun) and "Hummifying" (Ren), which make up the "Right Way" (Tao). The right path should follow every person who wishes to live happily.
• Confucius believed that the key to the people's management is in the power of the moral example of higher citizens by the subordinate.
• Kun Tzi. She strives to eliminate the following four angry:
• Cruelty
• Rude
• Uzboya
• Greed
• In Confucian philosophy emphasizes the idea of \u200b\u200bZhong ("Devotion") is an idea of \u200b\u200bhumility. Also emphasized the need to read the ruler, parents and senior brothers younger.
• Confucius put forward the idea that people are in nature close to each other that people have innate knowledge that he considered the "Higher Knowledge". People also have other types of knowledge gained during training and directly experience.
• The scope of study, considered Confucius, should include:
• Ritual
• Music
• Archery
• Horse management
• History and mathematics
• The importance of training Confucius says: "Learn and not reflective - in vain to waste time, reflect and not learn - destructive." He also believed that it was necessary to "study the old to know the new."

• The founder of the philosophy of Mysm is MO DI (Mo Tzi.), who lived in the 479-400 to our era.
• Like Confucius, one of the main ideas Mo Tzi. He considers the idea of \u200b\u200blove for the sky. The will of the sky is universal love and mutual benefit. Mo Tzi. In principle, it rejects the influence of the fate of the human life, showing the most vulnerable place of the Confucian teaching: "Require people to study, and argue that there is fate, it's like ordering a person to lay your hair and immediately knock off his hat."
• Mo Tzi. like I. Kun Tzi. Close the interests of the people. He argued that the rulers should love the people and take care of him.

• Mo Tzi. And his supporters were offered a set of principles of behavior of people: "Wearing wisdom", "reverence of unity", "Universal love", "principle against attacks", "Principle for savings in income", "Principle against music and entertainment" and so on ...
• My needs were the first to study the process of knowledge. They opposed the teachings of Confucius about innate knowledge. Followers Mo Tzi. It was believed that a person had no innate knowledge, but an innate ability of knowledge. My needs for the first time in Chinese philosophy singled out and gave definitions to philosophical categories: a thing, being and non-existence, knowledge, mind, space and time, and many others. ... For example, the definition of the mind given by the mysties, it looks like this: "Mind is an understanding of the essence of things "
• Late Moes developed a dispute rules.

F-Jia (Legists) and Min-Jia (School of Naming)

• The Legist School was formed in the IV century to our era.
• Lochists Shanan , Han Fei-Tzu And others, rejected the methods of management based on rituals and traditions, ridiculed the argument of a person about humanity, debt, justice, fraternal love and so on ...
• Representatives of the F-Jia School in their judgments proceeded from the fact that a person is angry with its nature. Initially laid in man, the animal entity cannot be changed by education, but its manifestations can be prevented by strict uniform laws.
• The legists believed that for order in the state it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto have a maximum of punishments and a minimum of awards in the state
• Craat hard, inspiring trembling
• Hard to roam for small hooliganism, then conditions for major crimes will not appear
• Disassemble people with mutual suspicion, surveillance and denominations
• This program was implemented by Emperor Qin Shi-Huang which introduced a single legislation, monetary units, writing, property and social gradation of the population, created a single military-bureaucratic apparatus.

This logic-sophistic school was formed in the IV-III centuries to our era.

The idea of \u200b\u200bfollowers of Min-Jia was the following idea: changes and old "names" occur in society and the old "names" cease to correspond to the new content - "begin to host the names and the essence of things." It was believed that obscene, disturbing speeches lead to the loss of the meaning of the name (Yin Wen).

School representatives believed that the concepts are deeper than the significant ideas in things.

The followers of the MIN-Jia doctrine have been engaged in analyzing the meaning of concepts. But gradually the discussion on the meaning of concepts is taking a sophisatic character. As a result, they come to the conclusion about the impossibility of achieving truth.

Comparative analysis of the doctrine of Mysmma and Legiasis

MOCIES

Lochists

They expressed the interests of small owners, free landowners, artisans, traders, lower ranks in the state apparatus.

Defended the interests of the property known.

It was believed that the management of the state does not require special training. The ability of a person to public administration is determined by its business qualities - the desire to serve as a simple people and diligence in affairs.

It was believed that to manage the state, it is necessary to know the situation in the country, to use accurate calculations, as well as the experience of preceding generations. That is, you need to possess certain knowledge and skills.

Referred to an example of ancestors. "Ancient rulers," argued Mo Tzi. "They have benefited the whole people." Although among them were not only people from nobility, but also from the lower estates.

Proved the inability to return to the old days. For the benefit of the state, it is not necessary to imitate antiquity. The overcoming of traditionalist views follows the separation of religious prejudices. Hence. Conditions appear to create a secular political theory.

Admitted for the management of the country based on justice principles.

The basic principle of creating order in the state for them was the disagreement of people with mutual suspicion and denunciations.

The doctrine was based on the love of the sky to people, to the simple people. Consequently, the rulers, in their opinion, should love people and take care of him. The main principle of teachings is universal love.

Such concepts as a "humanity", "fraternal love" - \u200b\u200bjust a game of words that equated to the children's game "Preparation of elegant stern diseases".

• In the 213th year BC, there was a massive burning of books, and in the 212th year BC, the beating of philosophers were organized. Tradition in culture was interrupted. Only after changing the ruling dynasty, when the Han dynasty came to power, the tradition was restored.
• In the 136th year BC of our era U-d. Built Confucianism in the rank of state ideology, introducing elements of Legement in her by creating a merger of ritual views and law.
• Taoism gradually degenerated into a religious system of superstitions and magic having little in common with philosophical Taoism. Other schools gradually accounted for decay.
• After the arrival of Buddhism, three coexisting and competing religious and philosophical flows are formed in the country: Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. These flows define the ideological views of China up to the XX century.