Vertical layout of the site during the construction of a private house. Drawing up a vertical layout project for a construction site Vertical layout project site example

The planning and development of the area are inextricably linked with the relief, which is the basis of all planning and development projects for populated areas. Even in the initial outlines of the planning solution, it is necessary to take into account the relief, which influences the choice of planning and development.

On the other hand, the relief always requires some transformation and adaptation to the building conditions, the construction of streets and entrances, and the laying of underground communications. In order to adapt the natural terrain to the requirements of urban construction, vertical, i.e., high-altitude, relief planning (geoplastic) is carried out, changing its shape. Vertical planning is done on the basis of studying the relief in situ and geodetic surveys of the territory to be developed.

Vertical cladding solves the following problems:

• creation of a normal surface for construction of buildings of all types necessary for the construction of a populated area;
• creation of favorable conditions for the removal of surface water from the planned territory;
• creation of normal conditions for the movement of urban transport and placement of underground utility networks.

A comprehensive solution to all vertical planning problems should be achieved with the least amount of excavation work, which implies maximum preservation of the natural topography. In this case, it is necessary to maintain a balance of earthworks. The movement of earth masses should be minimal.

The general principle of modern urban planning is such a sequence in the organization of the relief, when they first solve the key issues of the vertical layout of the urban area as a whole, and then design the relief of individual elements of the city. In accordance with this, a sequence of stages for designing a vertical layout is established.

The altitude position of the territories of residential complexes is determined by the longitudinal profiles of city streets. The street system is the “skeleton” on which the organization of the city’s relief is built. The design of its vertical layout begins with the tracing of the street network. The trays of the roadway of the street network serve as receivers of rain and melt water flowing by gravity from the territory of the neighborhoods, so it is advisable to place them along the routes of natural catchment areas - thalwegam.

The location of streets at higher elevations than neighborhoods is advisable only in arid areas where there is a system of irrigation canals-ditches on the territory of microdistricts and where, therefore, the inverse problem is solved - collecting atmospheric water in the green courtyards of microdistricts.

The slopes of city streets are determined taking into account traffic safety conditions (maximum slopes) and better water flow (minimum slopes). Longitudinal and transverse slopes also depend on the purpose of the street and on the type of roadway surfaces adopted. The acceptable slopes of city streets according to the standards range from 0.4 to 6%.

The intersection marks of the axes of the main streets of the city are the nodal points of the vertical layout. The absolute elevations of the existing terrain at a given point are called black, and those designed in accordance with the required street slopes are called red. Based on them, the red and black marks of the intersection of the red lines (corner marks) of each of the residential areas or microdistricts are determined.

A city planning diagram drawn up on this basis makes it possible to identify the expected volumes of basic earthworks and carry out an economic analysis of street layout options. The final scheme is the basis for the architectural plan of the city and solving issues of vertical planning of individual districts and microdistricts.

The vertical layout of the microdistrict territory creates favorable high-altitude conditions for the overall architectural and planning solution (placement of buildings, green areas, intra-block driveways and platforms) and ensures the discharge of surface water through the trays of intra-block driveways and streets bordering the microdistrict into a reservoir or through a street water inlet into a storm sewer.

The relief of the planned territory of the microdistrict is largely determined by the nature of the natural relief and can have various forms: roof-shaped with slopes towards the surrounding streets; in the form of a single slope plane; gable with watershed; gable with a channel along the thalweg and water discharge to the underlying street; in the form of an overturned truncated pyramid with water discharge into the intra-block storm network; neighborhoods located on steep slopes are planned as terraces.

Each terrace has its own internal passages, not connected with the passages of other terraces; their own exits and their own drainage system with water discharge into the trays of adjacent streets. The terraces are separated by retaining walls and communicated with each other by stairs. The width of the terraces depends on the steepness of the slope: the steeper the slope, the narrower the terrace. This achieves a reduction in the volume of excavation work and the height of the separating retaining walls. The terrace must have a slope of at least 0.5%.

To avoid possible stagnation of surface water in the microdistrict and especially on intra-block driveways, horizontal platforms should not be made. Subject to the general shape of the surface of the territory, its individual elements must have their own normative slopes:

longitudinal slopes of intra-block driveways range from 0.4 to 8%. In the case of very difficult terrain, a slope of up to 10% is allowed. Transverse slopes make 2-4%; pedestrian paths and alleys should have a slope of 0.5 to 6%; utility sites, children's playgrounds, recreation areas - 0.5-5%; sports grounds - 0.5-1%. It is better to raise such sites above the adjacent territory and arrange landscaped slopes along the perimeter. This will help the areas dry out faster after rain; areas allocated for green spaces can remain in their natural state.

The entire system of planes of the microdistrict territory is graphically depicted using the method of “red” (design) contour lines, which give a visual representation of the designed relief.

After establishing the design elevations of passages and sites, the vertical layout of the block establishes the elevations of individual buildings (their corners, entrances, floors of the first floors), which are also applied to this plan. In this case, both “red” (design) and “black” (existing) marks are indicated. The elevations of the corners of buildings are determined by horizontal lines using the interpolation method. Entrance elevations, as a rule, should be 0.12-0.15 m higher than the blind area. The level of the finished floor depends on the purpose of the building, and its relative elevation is always taken as ±0.00 m.

The correct placement of buildings in relation to the terrain is of the utmost economic importance, ultimately determining the cost per square meter of living space. Incorrect “landing” of the building on the terrain causes a useless increase in the volume of the basement floors, increases the volume and complicates the construction of foundations, and necessitates the installation of additional external staircases. With such decisions, standard building designs are subject to significant alterations.

Using the principle of free planning, it is possible to use the relief more rationally than with perimeter development. True, placing buildings only along horizontal lines is not always feasible. This may be hampered by specific building conditions, orientation requirements, etc. If it is necessary to place buildings across slopes, it should be taken into account that the economical placement of extended buildings on the terrain is achieved provided that the difference in elevations of the planned ground surface at the opposite ends of the house should not exceed 0.80 m. An excess of 1.00-1.30 m is allowed only in mountainous areas and with special justification.

From this we can draw several practical conclusions.

1. With terrain slopes of up to 1%, buildings can be located regardless of the direction of the horizontal lines.
2. With slopes of 1 to 3%, buildings no longer than 50 m can be located across the horizontal lines. Longer buildings should be placed along the horizontal lines.
3. With a slope of 3 to 5% (weakly rugged terrain), buildings up to 30 m long can be located across the horizontal lines.
4. With a slope of 5 to 8% (rough terrain), all buildings are placed parallel to the horizontal lines or stepped buildings are used, lowering the elevation of the 1st floor of each section or block.
5. With a slope of more than 8% (highly rugged terrain), only terraced construction is used.

In cases where, depending on specific building conditions, it is necessary to erect long buildings across differences in relief, in order to avoid the forced construction of basements and preserve standard entrances to the house, a local (island) vertical layout for the building should be made: soften by cutting the natural slope to a value that creates the difference at the corners of the building is no more than 0.8 m and, if there is good bearing capacity of the soil located directly under the plant layer, create horizontal platforms by adding backfill under the building. In this case, the bedding must ensure a depth of laying the foundation into the continental layer of at least 0.5 m. The bedding around the building is designed in the form of an earthen slope. Approaches to staircases are arranged in earthen slopes or by constructing a horizontal passage along the upper edge of the earthen cover. To reduce the height of the sprinkling, it is recommended to use a small softening slope (up to 0.5%) along the building.

When designing the vertical layout of inter-highway areas, you should carefully study and use the existing topography, carefully preserving the vegetation layer necessary for plant growth. The currently used method of free development of microdistricts in combination with large green areas makes this problem completely solvable.

The vertical layout of microdistricts in most cases can only consist of high-rise placement of driveways and pedestrian alleys, children's and physical education playgrounds, and sites for placing buildings. The remaining space, amounting to about 40% of the total area of ​​the microdistrict, occupied by lawns, can be preserved in natural relief with the existing vegetation cover. Skillful use of rugged terrain makes it possible to find a rational spatial solution in the organic connection of architecture with nature.

When creating the design relief of the inter-highway territory, it is necessary to maintain a balance of earthworks in order to eliminate the need to transport or transport soil. In this case, the volume of earth removed from the pits for the foundations of buildings and trenches of underground networks should be taken into account. In case of excess soil, it can be used in poorly defined terrain for artificial embankments and slopes, which, after landscaping, will create a more picturesque landscape.

It is so conceived by nature that the surface of our planet has different relief throughout its entire area. A person, in pursuit of comfort in inhabited areas, tries to create conditions for maximum convenience of his stay. It is necessary to properly plan your site.

Geodetic survey

The vertical layout plan of the area includes the actual geodetic survey itself, clearing for construction and the start of the work itself.

If you intend to handle this on your own, there are several factors to consider:

• soil type and condition;
• degree of groundwater occurrence;
• the possibility of heaving of the earth at low temperatures.

You need to know this data for further construction of the foundation, as well as when planning wells and basements. To carry out this work, you must have special equipment (for example, a hydraulic level).

Construction of a building

When constructing an object, it is necessary to choose its location, accurately determine the height of the floor covering of the lower floor, and determine the degree of soil subsidence. With the help of planning, a number of issues are resolved. For example, the foundation must be above the groundwater level. Buildings above the foundation should be located slightly above the snow level (in accordance with climatic conditions). When building a home, it is better to choose a site located at a higher level (out of the entire available area). The construction of the facility begins after a carefully selected site for construction. Often the starting point for work is a nearby house or road.

After determining the desired point, they begin to calculate the depth of the object. There are several types of building a house on an angled plot. Usually there is a change in the landscape, in which all the irregularities on the surface are smoothed out. This project implies that construction will be carried out on a flat site. A house built on an area with a normal slope needs to rework the basement side. In this case, the home will have some features and blend smoothly into the landscape.

The landscape is divided according to the following characteristics:

• flat slope - no more than 3%;
• small slope – up to 8%;
• average slope – up to 20%;
• steep slope - over 20%.

Change in terrain

With a vertical layout of the area, a number of advantages arise (for example, the creation of a drainage system, a series of walking paths that are located at an angle). It becomes possible to create a system for draining rain flows at a certain slope to the lower part of the site. It is almost always quite difficult for owners of uneven plots of land to carry out planning. To solve such problems, there are specialists who are engaged in planning and changing the landscape of land with a vertical slope.

Slope with an angle of one meter

In such a situation, it is necessary to draw up a basement project. On the ground floor (in the walls of the lower floor) you need to install drainage. There are many examples of redevelopment of such an area, but not every owner, due to his strengths and capabilities, can with great confidence undertake the construction of housing in such non-standard conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to contact specialists for an accurate diagnosis of the area, the composition of its soil, the depth of groundwater and the structure of the soil. Professionals in their field will help you make a map of the land plot.

Vertical planning model

When considering a building with a south-facing slope, it is recommended to locate the house as close to the east side as possible. The lower part is used for the construction of outbuildings (due to its low suitability for arrangement as a comfortable recreation area). It is advisable to improve the area in the upper part of the square by planting several strips of flower beds and planting several ornamental trees around the perimeter of the entire recreation area, moving them to the south side.

The planning of the drainage network must be reasonably consistent with the terrain of the area and have a drain to the lower part of the site. If you are a follower of the Eastern philosophy of Feng Shui, you need to make sure that the doors are located to the north or face east.

House layout

The main building should be located approximately 10 meters from the border of your site. You must be separated from your neighbors' house by at least 3 meters. The buildings must be at right angles to each other. All measurements can be done independently (without having any construction skills or design experience). A tape measure is sufficient to measure distances.

Outbuildings

Outbuildings are erected simultaneously with the dwelling, although it is best to do this after the completion of the main building. Outbuildings should be erected at a certain distance from the buildings of neighbors. Experts recommend that it is best to build barns, sheds and latrines 3 meters away from neighbors’ buildings.

During construction, the same rules must be followed as during the construction of a house. By following the recommendations of experts and observing the rules for constructing objects on land with a large slope, the strength and durability of housing and other buildings (gazebos, greenhouses, barns, cellars, homemade ponds for decorating the site, baths, saunas) is achieved.

It is impossible to implement grandiose projects on an area of ​​up to 5 acres. On such a site it is possible to build a house, a restroom and a bathhouse. On an area of ​​10-11 acres, you can add a gazebo, a pond and several flower beds. On an area of ​​15 acres and above, everything will be limited only by your imagination.

The huge space will provide great motivation for the developer. It is important to remember that all plans for the construction of grandiose buildings must fit into GOST.

Everything must be planned in advance, documents drawn up, materials purchased, specialists must be hired. Only then, with peace of mind, can you get down to business and arrange your favorite area according to your tastes and views.

Conclusion

The correct layout will provide you with good, warm and reliable housing. During construction, it is advisable to contact specialists. Consult with them, clarify all the details of construction: this will ensure the durability of your home and also save you from hassle in the future. When changing difficult terrain, it is worth remembering that sometimes this state of affairs can play into your hands.

Each situation must have an individual approach to solving the problem, because any surface is made up of different planes. This affects the different composition of the soil in fairly small areas; the overlapping of different layers of earth causes a curvilinearity of the perimeter. All this makes it quite difficult to improve this area. When constructing facilities in such areas, specialists thoroughly study the surface topography, meteorological data of the region, find out the depth of groundwater deposits, the likelihood of soil subsidence under the weight of the building and many other key factors.

More often, construction on such a surface occurs in recreation areas or resorts. The view from the window of a building at a height will not leave anyone indifferent, but the main factor remains the improvement of the area, equipping it with all the benefits of civilization, without which it is difficult to imagine our daily life. The disadvantage of such an area is that the budget expenditure on landscaping will be significantly higher than for an area with flat terrain. Therefore, to implement your ideas you will have to fork out a lot of money. The positive side follows from its disadvantage - the uneven surface creates a feeling of exoticism, which cannot but attract attention. With the right approach to planning a non-standard surface, a small area can be turned into a piece of paradise.

For more information on the intricacies of the vertical layout of the site, see the following video.

State educational institution of higher professional education

DRAFTING A VERTICAL LAYOUT PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION SITE

Educational and methodological manual for students of specialties

PG;PS;VV;BPG;MT;ST;GT;PGv;AR;ES, DS

This methodological manual has been compiled with the aim of methodologically supporting the student’s independent work when performing a calculation and graphic task on drawing up a vertical layout project.

Compiled by: , art. teacher

Teacher

Assistant

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. ....……………….2

2 Initial data for completing the task. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……... . .2

3 Processing the results of surface leveling by squares.

Calculating the marks of the vertices of the squares…………………………………….4

4 Construction of a surface plan in horizontal lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….5

4.1 Drawing up a plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………….… 5

4.2 Preparation of the plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .……......................... 5

5 Drawing up a vertical layout project. . . . . . . …………………….. 5

5.1 Design of a horizontal platform in compliance

other gravity collectors. A design drawing indicating the intersection marks of streets, their breaks, design longitudinal slopes limited by red lines (lines separating the built-up area from the street) is usually called a vertical layout diagram. The vertical layout diagram is drawn up on topographic plans at a scale of 1:2000 or 1:5000 with a relief section of 1-2 meters. When designing an inclined site, the initial data are taken from the results of surface leveling in squares with the starting point elevation specified according to the option. For designing an inclined platform, the initial data are: the design mark of one of the vertices of the squares; slopes of the site ix and iy from the initial vertex along the X and Y axes.

For example, for the data shown in Figure 7, it is accepted

and slopes from the vertex a1 along the X and Y axes, respectively

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image050_0.png" width="164" height="30">

where d is the length of the side of the grid square, equal to 20 m in the example.

For example,

Determine the design marks of all the tops of the squares, taking into account the slope, and write them down on a diagram of the squares drawn up on a scale of 1:500.

On the diagram, the design marks are written under the actual marks of the vertices of the squares in red. After this, work marks are determined, which are written under the design marks in blue. A line is drawn

zero works in blue, and the volume of excavation work is determined in the same way

previous task. The results of the calculations are recorded in the list of calculations of the volume of excavation work (Table 1). Next, actions similar to those for the case of designing a horizontal platform are performed, that is, δ is determined.

6 DRAWING AND FORMULATION OF THE TASK

1 The horizontal plan of the area is drawn up on A4 Whatman paper according to the sample in Figure 2 and drawn in black, the contours are drawn in brown. On the plan, only thickened horizontal lines are signed in places of rupture with corresponding marks in the direction of the slopes. When writing marks, the horizontal lines are broken by 1 cm. In some places on the plan, but not more than 2-3 times, the direction of the slopes of the area is shown with berg strokes. The horizontal lines are signed in brown, the bases of the numbers should be facing down in the direction of the slope. The situation is marked on the plan with symbols in appropriate colors in accordance with the requirements for drawing symbols.

2 Requirements for the design of a vertical layout project: the actual marks of the tops of the squares are signed in black, the design marks in red, and the working marks in blue. The height of the numbers is 4 mm. For clarity, the embankment is painted yellow, and the recess is painted red. A sample format for the entire assignment is provided.

in Figures 1-3 and Table 1. The design of the title page is given in

application.

3 The following must be submitted for this assignment:

Title page (according to the appendix);

Surface leveling scheme using squares and outline (similar to Figure 1);

Horizontal plan (similar to Figure 2);

Cartogram of movement of earth masses (similar to Figure 3);

Table for calculating the volume of excavation work (according to Table 1).

7 TASK OPTIONS

We select marking options from the table by number from the teacher’s journal.

7.1 Options for horizontal platform

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https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image060.png" width="488" height="455 src=">

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image062.png" width="466" height="469 src=">

7.2 Options for inclined platform

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https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image066.png" width="481" height="455 src=">

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Table 2 - Marking of the top a1 (Na1)

Option No.	Mark Na1, m
Area
horizontal	inclined

8 Test questions for self-test

1 What is surface leveling by squares?

2 Field documents, purpose and purpose of surface leveling in squares.

3 What is vertical layout?

4 What are the goals of vertical planning and the main requirements when drawing up a vertical planning project?

5 How is the design elevation obtained when designing a horizontal site? Write the formula.

6 How are work marks calculated, definition? Write the formula.

7 How is the correctness of calculation of work marks controlled? Write the formula.

8 How is the position of the zero work points on the sides of the square determined? Write the formula.

9 How is the volume of a tetrahedral prism determined? Write the formula.

10 How is the volume of a trihedral prism calculated? Write the formula.

11 How is it advisable to calculate the volume of excavation work in a transition square?

12 Types of marking work in vertical planning?

13 How is the design elevation transferred to the terrain?

14 How is a design line with a given slope transferred to the terrain?

15 How to control the digging of a pit to the design level?

16 How to dig trenches to the design depth?

17 How to design a horizontal site, subject to the balance of earthworks?

List of sources used

1, Smirnov and topography. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 176 p.

2, Mikhelev of engineering geodesy. - M.: Higher School, 2001. - 314 p.

3 Fedotov geodesy. - M.: Higher School, 2007. - 463 p.

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image070.png" height="1079 src=">APPENDIX A

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution of higher professional education

"UFA STATE PETROLEUM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Highways and Construction Technology

30 mm 35 mm 30 mm 15 mm 75 mm

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image071.png" width="703"> Scale gr . ...−…− Signature Date 15 mm Task No....

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image075.png" width="703"> Completed ………………… ………. ….. 15 mm Vertical project

layouts

https://pandia.ru/text/80/404/images/image077.png" width="12" height="65"> construction site

Checked…………… ………. ….. 15 mm

We accept orders for the design of vertical layouts for areas for various purposes. When placing an order for a project, you will receive a 5% discount on the cost of work on its implementation. Call +7 499-397-82-02, ask questions - we will answer, order a project - we will do it!

The vertical layout project is included in the detailed design package and is rarely created separately, because The development of a plan and record of the movement of land masses is associated with many engineering and technical activities (installation of drainage, road surfaces, retaining walls, reservoirs, etc.).

However, there are times when ordering a separate vertical planning project is justified. For example, the owner of an already developed territory decides to transform the terrain of the site or eliminate problems that have arisen.

What problems will you solve with a vertical layout project?

Having technical documents on vertical planning in hand, you are guaranteed to avoid or get rid of many troubles. Namely:

• groundwater flooding;
• soaking of trees and bushes;
• destruction of road surfaces;
• formation of ravines;
• landslides on slopes;
• destruction of the banks of water bodies;
• accumulation of storm and melt water on the site;
• monotonous, inexpressive design of the site;
• financial costs for troubleshooting engineering systems due to incorrect vertical layout, etc.

What are the advantages of vertical planning projects from LENOTR-PARK

• projects are created by experienced specialists. We have been engaged in landscaping for more than 20 years. Each of the developed projects, and there are more than 500 of them, to a greater or lesser extent provided for the movement of land masses. That is, we have very rich experience in designing vertical layouts;
• errors and miscalculations are excluded. We do not delegate pre-design studies, and this is a very important stage of work, to third-party organizations, but carry them out ourselves, which allows us to more clearly define the tasks of the vertical layout;
• We use new trends in landscape architecture. Employees regularly take advanced training courses at the Agrarian University MSHA named after. Timiryazev;
• short design deadlines. We develop a vertical layout plan within 10-14 days, including pre-design studies.

For the cost of a vertical planning project, see the Prices section.

We remind you that the contact number is +7 499-397-82-02. You can order a call, and our employee will contact you at a time convenient for you. We look forward to collaborating.

How to design a vertical layout

Terrain assessment precedes vertical planning. Surveyors measure slopes and draw up a topographic map (all slopes, their direction, points of peak heights and low points are plotted on the map). If we are talking about a small area, and even with a slight slope, then assessing the relief does not take much time. But when it comes to an area of ​​several hectares, there is a high probability that this area contains hollows, hills, gorges, ravines, saddles, wetlands, etc. Accurate information about the features of the relief is collected carefully and thoroughly studied.
The initial data for vertical planning also include soil characteristics (sandy and clayey soils behave differently under the influence of natural factors) and the depth of soil freezing, the degree of soil heaving.

Since any site has its own relief - it can be either flat or sloping - and you want to equip it, therefore, in any case, a vertical layout of the site is needed here.

By this we mean the engineering work of altering the terrain to improve it. And just vertical planning is one of the most important works in the design of territories.

When performing earthworks to transform the relief, you must strive to preserve vegetation as much as possible, and therefore the soil, and fulfill the following requirements:

1. When creating a site, you need to take into account that it will be divided into certain zones that will perform different functions. We also need to organize the drainage of rainwater and floods from our site.
2. Reduce groundwater levels.
3. Rainwater must not be drained through a residential building.
4. Completely isolate rain flows in the yard from other drains.

If there are many differences in your territory, then a particularly careful vertical planning of the land plot is required. One of the options for solving this problem is slopes that will connect your site at different levels.

Drainage system

The procedure for completing a vertical planning project

• First, alleys, park paths, sites that perform different functions are planned, or in other words, components of the territory that require strict adherence to slopes.
• Design of land plantings - components of the territory that allow different plane slopes.

Vertical planning can be divided into three stages

1. A detailed planning scheme for the territory is created and its high-rise frame is built with a height solution, which must be consistent with other marks on the surface of the site. This is necessary for high-quality organization of water flow.
2. New horizontal lines are being drawn and a new terrain is being designed.
3. A detailed cartogram of earthworks is developed and the exact volume of soil is calculated.

Layout of the site taking into account the difference in ground level

The land, its appearance and cleanliness will be much better if the work is planned responsibly.

As landscape designers advise, the terrain is good if it is flat or inclined to the south or east. A tilt to the north should not be allowed.

Vertical planning methods

Often, those who own uneven or sloping areas have problems that prevent planned landscaping projects from being implemented in their area. For this There are specialists you should turn to for help. It is not difficult for them to calculate the vertical layout in order to extract the maximum benefit from any area, even the most complex, and realize your plans.

A building can be erected on a flat landscape. Often, a slight slope is made behind the walls to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site. To do this, make an embankment of soil in the right place, and then make paths from solid material. Rainwater drainage is provided on both sides.

If the site is inclined to the south, then you should not have problems with landscaping, because vegetation behaves very well in such conditions. Designers recommend placing the house at the highest point and on the eastern side of the site. It is better to place outbuildings at the lowest point of the site.

When, if your site is inclined to the west and east, it is better to place buildings in the north. This arrangement will not interfere with the plants. If you want to have trees, they need to be placed so that the shadow of buildings does not fall on them and does not interfere with growth. If the slope on the site is quite large - 20 degrees or more, this can create difficulties - the water will drain quickly enough and wash out the soil in its path. To do this, you need to properly calculate the drainage system. The formation of terraces with walls and the construction of paths with steps and ramps will also help here. Drainage is designed taking into account the features of the relief. Water drains are placed at the bottom of the site.

Plot with a slope

If the site is horizontal, then it would be best to add more soil, decorating the sides with tiles, natural stone or brick. If the slopes are high, they need to be strengthened with wooden pegs and concrete mortar.

House construction and vertical layout

If you want to build a private house on your site, then you need to find out what the vertical position of the house will be - find out what the height of the floor or plinth will be and what the soil layout will be on the construction plane.

All this is needed in order to:

• it was possible to determine how pits, trenches, pillows and foundations would be located.
• rainwater could be properly drained.
• above-foundation structures were above the snow level.

To solve these problems you need:

1. Call a specialist to conduct a geodetic survey of the area to find out changes in elevations on the site, as well as determine the situation with regard to groundwater and the level of soil freezing.
2. Make a mound of earth to raise the level of the construction site.
3. Determine what the foundation design will be so that it is located higher than the groundwater level.
4. Find out what the height of the base will be - the part of the foundation that is above the ground.
5. Properly build a blind area, water grooves, and design the terrain well in order to drain rain and melt water.
6. In order for groundwater to wash the foundation, proper drainage must be done.

After the surveyor carries out geodetic surveys and surveys, it will be possible to determine and evaluate the deviation of the site surface itself from the horizontal level.

Location of objects on the site

Types of sites:

• Almost flat and horizontal;
• A site with a slight slope, and as a result, a difference of a maximum of 0.4 m;
• A site where the height difference is large - from 0.4m to 1m;
• A site located on a slope with differences of more than 1 m.

In all of the above cases, it is necessary to raise the soil level by adding soil.

The embankment has the following advantages:

1. You can increase the bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation.
2. The soil does not freeze so much, that is, soil heaving is reduced, which is therefore beneficial for the foundation.
3. It is easier to design the drainage of rain and melt water.
4. The dry zone increases.
5. Since it was noticed that after the construction of a house, the soil level on the site increases when it is landscaped by bringing in the soil itself, as a result of this the house may end up in a lowland.
6. Since in most cases soil remains from the dug pit, it can be placed in an embankment.

If the area is without slope

Usually, if the area is very flat and there is a lot of groundwater, then it is located in a wetland or some kind of lowland. Usually in such cases there is no need for careful planning of rainwater and flood drainage.

Schematic layout of the house, garden and outbuildings

In these cases, a shallow or non-buried foundation and earth fill must be carefully planned. Its thickness should be from 0.2 to 0.5 m. For this, different soils are used, but they do not contain peat or vegetation. Sand mixtures with layer-by-layer compaction are used in trenches and cushions.

In any case, the embankment has only an advantage and is used not only in marshy areas.

If the site is located on a slope

If the slope at the corners of the site is up to one meter, it is most profitable to level it by filling the soil. The sole must be made at the same level, despite the fact that the foundation is located on a slope.

What to do with a site on a slope (video)

If the difference is 0.3-0.4 m

Soil is dumped horizontally. In this case, the height of the base will be the same throughout the entire plane.

You will save money if on the lower slope the base of the foundation is on the surface, and on the upper part of the site it is, on the contrary, buried.

After the foundation has been cast or built, you can begin filling the embankment.

Landscape formation

If the slope is from 0.4-1 m

Horizontal filling is not done, but only reduces the magnitude of the difference. Here they do a strip pouring of the foundation on the embankment itself.

At the bottom of the site, the top soil is removed and sandy gravel is poured under the foundation cushion. At the top of the platform, a cushion is made in the trench at the same level. The thickness and width of the sand cushions are determined based on calculations of the strip foundation, using methodological indications.

It is undesirable to make the embankment under the foundation more than 0.6 m. Although it is compacted layer by layer, over time it will still shrink significantly, incompatible with the standards, which will lead to deformation of the building.

On a steep slope with a difference in angles of more than 1 m

In this case, it is most profitable to design a basement. It is necessary to make drainage on the walls of the basement.

As you can see, if you approach the vertical planning project correctly, this will ensure the durability of the buildings; you can change the relief to suit you, as you need, so that everything looks aesthetically pleasing and is functional.