Population of the territory of our country. Development and study of the territory of Russia until the 18th century. Ancient Greek colonies in the Northern Black Sea region

During the lesson, you will be able to independently study the topic “Development and study of the territory of Russia before the 18th century.” You will learn how, simultaneously with the expansion of the territory of Russia, its exploration and study took place. Consider also the main stages of this study, when and what expeditions were sent to complete this task.

Subject:History of settlement, development and research of Russian territory

Lesson: Development and study of the territory of Russia before the 18th century

The vast territory of modern Russia has been populated and developed over many centuries. Vast Russian spaces contributed to the formation in Russia of a special type of people who conquered the vast expanses of Siberia, came to Pacific Ocean. In subsequent centuries, thanks to the heroic efforts and courage of explorers and travelers, “blank spots” were erased from the map of our Motherland, and the most remote corners of Northeast Asia, the Far East and the Arctic were explored. The results of geographical territorial and scientific discoveries of domestic scientists brought them well-deserved fame and world fame.

The history of the accumulation of geographical information and the study of Russian territory is usually divided into four periods:

I. Accumulation of initial information in chronicles, descriptions of campaigns and travels before the 18th century, obtained on the basis of chronicle sources, monastery books.

II. Initial period scientific research territory of Russia: from the era of Peter I to the mid-19th century.

III. The period of large expeditionary research, including industrial research, from the mid-19th century. up to 17

IV. The modern period of systematic, sectoral and comprehensive research.

Before the formation of the first Russian state, Finno-Ugric tribes lived on most of the territory of the Russian (East European) Plain, approximately in the area between the Oka and Volga rivers, the center of Russian statehood. Then in IX - XII centuries The Slavs who came from Central Europe formed and flourished the Old Russian state of Kievan Rus, which had three areas of settlement:

1. The Middle Dnieper region, where the capital Kyiv and other large cities for that time were located - Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky.

2. Meridional strip along river trade routes, where old Ladoga, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk were located. (see figure 1)

Rice. 1. Meridional strip along river trade routes

3. “Zalesskaya Ukraine” is an outskirts with the cities of Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ryazan. (see Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. "Zalesskaya Ukraine"

Having mastered the nearby lands, the Slavs began to advance further. Various and reliable information about this is found in monastic chronicles.

It is known that starting from the 11th century, Novgorodians settled in the European North, reached the Pechora River, crossed the “Stone Belt” - the Urals (in the 12th century), visited the northern seas - the White and Barents Sea back in the 11th century, and on Grumant (about . Spitsbergen) have been there since the 12th century. In the 15th century they visited Novaya Zemlya, and from the 16th century. regularly engaged in fishing on these islands .(see Fig. 3)

Rice. 3. Novgorod colonization

The entire north of Eurasia (with the exception of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula) was discovered by the Russians. The Russians were the first Europeans to sail freely in the northern seas, several centuries before the British and Dutch, who claim to be the discoverers of these seas. Barents Sea until the 19th century. was called Murmansky, or Russian Sea.

The result of feudal fragmentation was the defeat of the Russian principalities in the fight against the external enemy. That is why in the 14th century the southwestern principalities were captured by Lithuania and Poland, the northeastern ones by the Golden Horde. During this period, in the area between the Oka and Volga rivers, a new center of Russian statehood began to form, which became the small Principality of Moscow. (see fig.4)

Rice. 4. The beginning of the formation of the Moscow Principality

The reasons for the rise of Moscow over other ancient cities were related to the benefits of its geographical location - the Moscow principality was protected by rivers, forests and swamps. Moscow was located at the junction of water and land transport routes from Western and Northern Europe to Asia. Flexible external and domestic politics ruling princes, development of crafts and trade. The Moscow principality became the center around which in the 14th century. the “gathering of Russian lands” began. As a result of the subjugation of other Russian principalities, and then the colonization of sparsely populated territories (mainly in the north and east), the geopolitical space of the Russian state by the end of the 17th century. has expanded significantly.

In the XIV-XVI centuries. Russian colonization continued northern territory. Russian settlers in the North - the Pomors - founded their settlements along the entire coast of the European North. Trade between the Moscow and then the Russian state with European countries was carried out through the Russian North and its largest trading centers (Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk). And in the 14th century, the Komi country became part of the Moscow state, and in the 15th century, “Perm the Great”

South direction of colonization in the XV-XVI centuries. was associated with the development wild field- the forest-steppe part of the Russian Plain, from where nomad raids were constantly carried out. They were created to protect against them. serif lines [L1], behind whose fortifications new cities arose (Voronezh, Tambov, Saransk, Penza, etc.).

With annexation in the middle of the 16th century. The Kazan and Astrakhan khanates (regions of the Kama and Volga regions) included numerous peoples professing Islam (Tatars, Bashkirs, etc.) into the Russian state. The Volga along its entire length became a Russian river. Cossack villages arose on the southern borders of the state - along the Don, Terek, Yaik (Ural) rivers.

In 1654, by decision of the Pereyaslav Rada, Ukraine was united with Russia (after the difficult war of 1654-1667, Poland recognized the loss of Left Bank Ukraine, as well as Kyiv).

During this period, the colonization of the eastern territories by Russians actively continued. . As the borders of the Russian state expand to the east, Siberia is attracting more and more attention.

In the second half of the 15th century. In the southern part of Western Siberia, the power of Khan Kuchum strengthened, who subjugated the tribes from the Urals to the Ob, from the lower reaches of the Irtysh to the Barabinsk steppe, and proclaimed himself the Siberian Khan. Kuchum not only attacked Russian people in Western Siberia, but even organized raids into the upper Kama basin. Ermak's detachment was sent to fight Khan Kuchum. Ermak’s campaign in Western Siberia (1581 - 1584) is of great importance not only for the history of the Russian state .(see Fig. 5)

Rice. 5. Ermak Timofeevich

It is an important milestone in the history of Russian and world geographical discoveries, as it marks the beginning the era of great Russian geographical discoveries in the north-eastern part of Asia.

WITH Ermak's campaign begins whole line campaigns of Russian industrialists (industrial people, from the words “industry”, “industry”) and service people, known as land explorers; The period of Russians’ “meeting the sun” begins, ending with access to the Pacific Ocean. Founded in 1587 Tobolsk, for more than two centuries it remained the main city of Western Siberia. In 1610-1619. The Russians were already on the banks of the Yenisei. Soon they crossed to the right bank of the Yenisei and moved further east, to the Lena basin. Their path passed along two large tributaries of the Yenisei - two Tunguska - Lower and Upper (Angara). The discovery of the Central Siberian Plateau began. (see Fig. 6)

Rice. 6. The beginning of the discovery of the Central Siberian Plateau

In 1632 it was founded Yakut prison, which later became the starting point for Russian campaigns not only to the east, but also to the north, to the Icy Sea (Arctic Ocean), and later to the south - to the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. The first European to reach the northwestern shores of the Pacific Ocean Ivan Moskvitin in 1639 (see Fig. 7)

Rice. 7. Ivan Moskvitin

Thus, in order to walk through the endless dense taiga, swampy swamps, swim through stormy Siberian rivers and reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, i.e. It took the Russians less than 60 years to explore a territory larger than Australia or Canada.

In 1643-46. Vasily Poyarkov (see Fig. 8) left the Aldan basin on Zeya and went down the Amur to its mouth. In 1647, the Okhotsk winter quarters were founded, on the site of which a city arose Okhotsk, became Russia's window to the Pacific Ocean and North America. From Okhotsk until the beginning of the 19th century. Almost all expeditions to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and to the shores of America were equipped, as well as the first Russian circumnavigation.

Rice. 8. Vasily Poyarkov

In 1648 Semyon Dezhnev (see Fig.9) and Fedot Popov, Having set out on flat-bottomed Koch ships from the mouth of the Kolyma, they circled the continent from the northeast and reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean, proving the lack of communication between Asia and North America. However, S. Dezhnev’s “unsubscribe” about this journey was lost in the Yakut archive and was found only in 1736, i.e. 88 years later.

Rice. 9. Semyon Dezhnev

Rice. 10. The campaign of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, the opening of the strait between Asia and America ()

Thus, the 17th century. was the century of remarkable Russian geographical discoveries in Northeast Asia. With their legendary campaigns, explorers expanded the geographical knowledge of all mankind. Ordinary service people, the Cossacks became discoverers of new lands. They made descriptions of the territories they discovered and put them on maps. Their “petitions,” “reports,” “fairy tales,” and descriptions contained enormous material about nature and the population, their life and activities, that is, large and valuable geographical material.

As we see, by the time of Peter the Great, Russia already had numerous geographical information about its vast expanses. There was a “Big Drawing for the entire Moscow State” and “Drawing of the Siberian Land” by Pyotr Godunov. These were the first cartographic and geographical documents that had great practical and educational significance not only for Russia, but also for foreign geography. Those abroad obtained information about the nature, population and economy of our country from these sources.

Homework

1. Explain the words of the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky: “The history of Russia is the history of a country that is being colonized!”
2. Name the main stages of development of Russian territory.
3. What role did Ermak’s campaign play in the development of Russian territory?

1. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 hour 8th grade / author. V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze
2. Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and economy / ed. "Drofa" 2012
3. UMK (educational and methodological set) “SPHERES”. Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade" author. V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. Atlas.

Other lessons on this topic

• Development and study of the territory of Russia ().

Find out more on the topic

1. Ivan Moskvitin. Path to the ocean ().
2. A tale about a Russian explorer whose name is Semyon Dezhnev ().
3. Expeditions of Poyarkov, Dezhnev and others ().
4. Siberian land explorers of the 17th century ().

   [L1] The “zasechnye” lines consisted of “zaseks” (barriers made of trees felled crosswise), ramparts, ditches, palisades and natural barriers (ravines, rivers). Strong points were created on the notched lines - forts, and then fortified cities. The Cossacks also built forts during their exploration of Siberia.

The geography of a state cannot be fully studied without knowing how people actually settled the lands and developed natural resources.

After all, their activities were the basis on which modern geographical science was eventually founded. The study of historical settlement and development of Russian territory is an integral part of the educational process.

Development of new territories

For the first time, the territory of Central Russia began to be developed by Slavic tribes back in the 8th century, for a long time the territory between the Oka and Volga was the eastern part of Kievan Rus.

However, after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors, in the 13th century a new state formation was formed in this territory, the center of which was Moscow. This was the first step towards the emergence of our Motherland’s own statehood.

Over time, the population of Central Russia begins to gradually develop new northeastern lands. The plains of the Northern Dvina, the coast of the Kama and the White Sea were populated. In the middle of the 16th century, the Astrakhan and Kazan Khanates were annexed to the Russian state, thus the Volga basin was annexed to the territory. (see topic).

It was at this moment that the state acquired its multinationality: not only the descendants of the Slavs live here, but also Tatars and Bashkirs. The main obstacle to the development of new lands for the Russian people was the Ural mountain system.

But already in 1581, Russian troops led by Ermak were able to cross the Ural ridge, thus opening the way for the people to the endless wide expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

However, the harsh climatic conditions of these regions did not contribute to the relocation of people from the more favorable central part of the state.

The settlers more actively settled in the steppe lands, which were located south of the Oka, conquering territories from the Tatar nomads. The active development of Siberia coincides with the beginning of the development of production and Agriculture in the 18th century.

It was from this period that the massive development of the entire lands of eastern Siberia began, which lasted for two centuries and finally ended only in 1950.

Farmers settled both in Siberia and in the northern part of modern Kazakhstan, where to this day the majority of the population is Russian.

Settlement of the Far East

With the arrival of Russian settlers to the territory of the Far East, a new page began in the history of this region. The lands of the Amur region began to be developed from the northern part.

The first Russian settlement in this region dates back to 1639. Until the Russian people appeared in these territories, the tribes of Duchers, Natks, Gilyaks and Daurs lived here. The wealth of resources of the region and its access to the sea accelerated the process of resettlement of peasants to these lands.

In the 19th century, the construction of the large cities of Sofia and Khabarovsk began in the Far East. Very long time Far East was a kind of territory for the “re-education” of people disliked by the government.

Geography lesson, 9th grade

Subject Historical features of the development and settlement of Russian territory"

Target study the features of settlement and development of Russian territory; identify geopolitical and economic-geographical interests that influenced the expansion of state. Borders of Russia at different stages of history.
DURING THE CLASSES

Good morning, guys! Sit down please. Check your desks for a diary, textbook, atlas, notebook and writing materials. Who is absent from class today?(I note in the journal)

– In previous classes, you got acquainted with the place Russia occupies in modern world, namely: we got acquainted with its area... What area does the territory of Russia occupy?(17,075 thousand km²) What part of the land?(1/8) , met her geographical location... In what parts of the world is our country located?(Europe and Asia) In what part of the world is most of it located?(In Asia) , got acquainted with the borders of Russia... What is the total length of the borders of Russia?(14.5 thousand km – land, 7.6 thousand km – river and lake, 38.8 thousand km – sea, 61 thousand km – total) , met our neighboring states... How many land neighbors do we have?(16) , got acquainted with the administrative-territorial division of our country... How many subjects are included in Russia?(83) How many autonomous okrugs does it include?(4: Nenets - Naryan-Mar, Yamalo-Nenets - Salekhard, Khanty-Mansi - Khanty-Mansiysk, Chukotka - Anadyr) etc.

– We will devote the next few lessons to studying the population Russian Federation– numbers, its dynamics, consider the national, gender, age composition, analyze population migration and its types, get acquainted with the urban and rural population, etc. But before we begin to get acquainted with all this, we must carefully consider the history of our state from the point of view of population geography, i.e. identify the historical features of the settlement and development of the territory of our country. And this will be the topic of today's lesson.

II .

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

23.5 MIN.

– Open your notebooks, write down today's date - todayG., "Classwork",make a big title"Population of the Russian Federation"and the topic of the lesson:“Historical features of the settlement and development of Russian territory”. (The board is completed before the lesson starts)

So, let's go back to 862 - the year of formation ancient Russian state, which 20 years later, after the founding of Kyiv, became known as Kievan Rus. The first people of our state lived here(show on map) . Open your atlases to pages 4 – 5 " Administrative map Russia." Find the city of Kyiv. Which state is it the capital of?(Ukraine) It was from here that the people who made up the modern population of Russia began to settle. Over time, they began to settle in neighboring lands, but not haphazardly, but settled in a kind of meridional stripe - a stripe along rivers and lakes(show on map) – to the north are Lake Ilmen, the Volkhov River, Lake Ladoga and the Neva River, and to the south are the Western Dvina and Dnieper rivers. Find these geographical features on the map: Lake Ilmen, Volkhov River, Lake Ladoga, Neva River, Western Dvina River, Dnieper River. Why do you think the inhabitants of Kievan Rus began to settle in this way? They settled along the trade route, which was called “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” Who are the Varangians?(Settlers from the Baltic region) . And the Greeks?(Live in Greece (the state appeared there back in 776 BC.) . This route (sea and river) from the Baltic Sea through Eastern Europe (show on map) they brought iron, weapons, art products, as well as items looted by the Vikings in Western Europe (French wines, jewelry and treasures, fabrics, etc.); and from Byzantium to the north they brought wines, spices, jewelry and glass products, fabrics, icons, books. And where there is trade, there is always a lot of money circulating; and everyone loves money. That's why people tried to settle closer to this trade route. Thus, the most ancient cities of Rus' were founded here(show on map) - we look at the wall map and look in our atlases - Kyiv, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Pskov. Let's note this in our notebooks. Make a title"Settlement areas of the Eastern Slavs." 1. Meridional strip - along the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”. Write down the cities built here yourself. What cities did you write down?(Kyiv, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Pskov) .

The second habitat is the interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers(show on map) with also ancient cities (we look at atlases) - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov the Great. Let's write in notebooks:"2. Interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers". Write down the cities yourself. What cities were recorded?(Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov Veliky) .

– As you can see from the map, the ancient inhabitants began to move further from the meridional strip not to the south, but to the north. Why do you think?(There were ravaging nomadic tribes in the south)

– Since then, the territory of our state began to gradually increase, mainly in the northern and northeastern directions. For example, the capital of our today’s state, the city of Moscow, was founded... In what year?(1147) ...at this point the territory of our state looked like this(show on map) . You can see it on the map in the textbook on page 24. - fig. 6. “Formation of the territory of the Russian state.” And lived on this enough large territory only 3 million people. You cannot give an example of a single country with a similar situation; it simply does not exist in the world.

Well, then, from the XIII to the XV centuries. our state was under the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and not only to make any conquests, then it was impossible even to maintain an army. Only when the yoke fell off and Golden Horde has weakened, further growth of the territory of our Motherland begins. Thanks to the successful campaigns of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, Kazan was taken in 1552, find it in the atlases (the Kazan Khanate fell) and in 1556, Astrakhan was taken, find it (the Astrakhan Khanate fell). Roughly speaking, the entire modern Volga region became part of Russia, with all the people living here. The population of our state has doubled.

The same Ivan the Terrible, in 1580, sent Ermak Timofeevich with the Cossacks to conquer Siberia, as a result of which by the end of the 16th century. almost all of Western Siberia(show on map) was completely annexed to Russia. The conditions here are harsh, which is why very few people lived here, only 2 million people. - a third of the population of our state at that time.

– This was the expansion of our state in the northern and eastern directions. Further, it is replaced by the southern direction. And there was a Wild Field - a steppe in which no one lived, because... nomads regularly raided here - if earlier they were Pechenegs, then sinceXIV. they were replaced by the Polovtsians. The construction of serifs helped to solve this problem to some extent. In our city there is a museum, which is called “Simbirsk serif line”, because... our city was one of the important guard points on the border of our state. In the end, the Russian army defeated all the nomads, and they no longer encroached on the territory of our state.

– The southern direction is being replaced by the eastern direction again. In 1639, Ivan Moskvitin’s detachment reached the Pacific Ocean. All this(show on map) the vast vast territory becomes ours. The territory of our state is increasing almost double, and the population is again only by 2 million - this is already a fourth part.

Nothing further would have happened in this direction if in 1860 the Russian Cossacks had not entered northern Manchuria and raised the Russian flag. At that time, this meant the annexation of new lands. But then the Chinese turn to our sovereign, Alexander II, and say that Northern Manchuria is their land. What does our Emperor Alexander need?IIreplied that where the Russian flag was raised, it would never be lowered. Thus, the Far East and Primorye became part of Russian Empire.

– In 1703 one of the most significant events V Russian history and geography. Which? The city of St. Petersburg was founded, the coast of the Gulf of Finland was annexed to Russia(show on map) . Also during the 18th century. were annexed to Russia(show on map) (look in our atlases): Ciscaucasia, northern sparsely populated areas of modern Kazakhstan; and as a result of the victory over Turkey in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828 - 1829. The coasts of the Black and Azov seas and the Crimean peninsula were transferred to Russia. As a result of such conquests, the territory of our state increased 3 times, and the population - 6 times.

By the end of the 19th century. were annexed to the territory of the Russian Empire(show on map) look at the atlas: Finland, the Baltic states, the territory of modern Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Approximately within these same borders existed the first socialist state in the world - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. By that time, the area of ​​the state had increased slightly, but the population had doubled.

But in the history of Russia there were not only moments of glorious conquests, but, alas, also losses of territories, and with them, residents valuable to the state. So, on March 30, 1867 for 7.2 million dollars by AlexanderIIIwas sold to the USA Alaska(show on map) . During Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905, in which we lost, we lost the Kuril Islands and the south of the island. Sakhalin(show on map) . Which we got back by defeating Japan in World War II.

Well, on December 26, 1991, the saddest event happened - the USSR collapsed, which means we lost 5.3 million km² - a quarter of what we had. And if you look at the population, we lost 150 million people. - this is more than the modern population of Russia - almost exactly half of what it was then.

– This was the history of the settlement and development of the territory of our state. Let's summarize what has been said. Let's write in our notebooks:“In the settlement and development of the territory of Russia, 4 stages can be distinguished:

1) “West” orientation – trade, cultural and dynastic ties with Europe;

2) orientation “east” - Rus' in the grip - the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the crusaders. Politics of Alexander Nevsky.

3) orientation “north” – a window to Europe.

4) orientation “south” – Central Asia.”

The fifth stage is the present time, which you are witnessing.

III.

INSTALLING NEW MATERIAL

10 MIN.

– Let's open our textbooks to page 22 Look at table 3. What is it called?(History of the development of Russian territory) . We work with the table.

1. Which government entity occupied the largest area? Russian empire

2. Which state entity had the largest population? Russian empire

3. What area and population did our country have during the time of Ivan the Terrible? 2.8 million km², 6 million people.

4. What area and population did our country have in the era of Peter I? 13.7 million km², 16 – 17 million people.

5. In what period of time did the maximum increase in the area of ​​our state occur?XVII – XVIIIcenturies (from 5.5 – 7 to 13.7)

6. How much did the area of ​​Russia increase at this time? At 6.7 - 8.2.

7. In what period of time did the maximum increase in the population of our state occur?XIXV. – 1897 (60 to 125 million people)

8. How much did the population of our country increase at this time? 65 million people What about percentage? 54%

9. Does the time of maximum increase in area coincide with the time of maximum increase in the population of Russia? No

10. Why? In Central Asia and the Caucasus, families always have many children.

– Now turn the page to page 28 and look at fig. 7. “History of the settlement of Russia and the new foreign countries.” We look at the map under the letter “A”. In what directions did the settlement of Russia go in the 16th – 18th centuries?

Look at picture "B".XIX- StartXXcenturies Which territories of Russia were especially actively populated at this time?

Figure "B" Soviet period. What are the main areas of settlement here?

And finally, the last drawing - “G”, the beginningXXIV. What directions of settlement of the territory of our state can you name?

So, let's make a general conclusion about our lesson today. What is the reason for the expansion of Russian territory? Let's write this down in our notebook:“The expansion of Russia’s territory is associated with the country’s changing geopolitical and economic interests”.

IV .

HOME TASK

1 MIN.

Open your diaries and write down your assignment for the next lesson:

15. “Historical features of the settlement and development of the territory of Russia” (pp. 23 – 29). Be able to convey the content of the text of a paragraph. Pay attention to the notes in your notebooks.

2) Orally answer the questions at the end of the paragraph.

– Does everyone understand the homework? Does anyone have any questions about the lesson?

– Lesson grades. Thank you all very much for the lesson! You can get ready. Goodbye!

Reserve: 1 min.

PARTI. RUSSIA FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE ENDXVIIICENTURIES

SECTION 1. ANCIENT PEOPLES AND STATES ON THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA

Stages of human settlement of Russian territory. We know little about the initial settlement of the territory of our country, and archaeologists are not unanimous in their opinion about the time of this process. Some believe that the settlement of Russian territory began in the Shell, others - in the next, Acheulian era. In addition, there is a theory of the extratropical origin of man. In 1982, a site was discovered in Yakutia (Diring-Yuryakh), the age of which was initially determined to be 1.8 million years ago, that is, the same age as the Olduvai sites in Africa. Later, their age was indicated at 2-3 million years, which puts them as ancient as Olduvai. Some are of the opinion that the site in Yakutia is no older than 260-370 thousand years ago, and some put the age at 125-10 thousand years ago. On the northern coast of the Taman Peninsula in Krasnodar region Pre-Chellian sites dating back 1.5 million years were discovered (Bogatyri and Kostenki).

Supporters of all hypotheses, however, agree that the penetration of human groups into our territory occurred from different centers, that it could not be either simultaneous or continuous. A number of territories could, for various reasons, become depopulated again, and vast spaces remained generally uninhabited. In the settlement of new lands, their accessibility and suitability for economic use were of utmost importance. After all, many convenient lands were cut off by the sea changing its shape, advancing and retreating glaciers, as well as mountains and deserts insurmountable for primitive man. On other accessible lands there were no animals, usual edible plants and shellfish, that were usual for hunting. It is often imagined that Paleolithic man migrated from place to place in search of food. This is only partly correct. After all, even animals in search of food move from place to place, but within the feeding area. Only a lack of prey and hunger force animals to move from one area to another. Probably, at that time, man was no exception to this rule. Although he led a wandering lifestyle in search of food, he lived in a more or less specific area, without going beyond its borders. It has been proven that on foreign territory it is much more difficult for animals to find food than in “their” feeding area, where the familiar terrain and natural environment help the animal. The same can be applied to man, who at that time was entirely dependent on nature.

Thus, in the Lower Paleolithic the regions of Yakutia and the Krasnodar Territory were inhabited, in the Middle Paleolithic also the Voronezh, Tula, Volgograd, Kaluga regions, Gorny Altai, Baikal Siberia; in the Upper Paleolithic - Bryansk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Moscow, Kursk, Tver regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Transbaikalia, Southern Siberia. In the Mesolithic, man appeared in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions. In the Neolithic - the upper and middle Volga region, the Ukrainian regions of Russia, Buryatia, Chukotka, Western Siberia, Karelia. In the Bronze Age - the Urals, the Caucasus, Mari El, Bashkiria and Chuvashia, as well as the Kama region.

Chronology of the primitive period: Stone Age - 2.6 million years ago - 35/33 centuries BC: Paleolithic - 2.6 million years ago - 10 thousand years BC (Lower Paleolithic - 2.6 million years ago - 100 thousand years ago, Middle Paleolithic - 300-30 thousand years BC, Upper Paleolithic - 50-10 thousand years BC, Final Paleolithic - 14-10 thousand years BC), Mesolithic - 10-5 thousand years BC , Neolithic – 6 thousand-35/33 centuries BC; Copper Age - 4-3 millennia BC, Bronze Age - 35/33-13/11 centuries BC, Iron Age - 9-1 centuries BC.

Sites of ancient people. The territory of Russia was inhabited more than a million years ago in the Azov region (sites Bogatyri and Rodniki) and on the banks of the Lena (Diring-Yuryakh): this rich history of primitive groups and cultures inhabiting the modern territory of Russia is reflected by various archaeological cultures. The most ancient sites of homo sapiens (reasonable people, modern look) in Russia are considered Kostenki (in the Voronezh region), the Zaraisk site (45-35 thousand years BC) (in the Moscow region) and Sungir (25 thousand years BC) (Vladimir region). These settlements consisted of buildings, often made of mammoth bones, covered with skins. The population carried out complex economic activities and dressed in fur clothes. The bodies of the dead were buried sprinkled with ocher, which indicates a developed worldview. The post-glacial Mesolithic European part of Russia was inhabited by the Cro-Magnons of the Swider culture, whose descendants were the peoples of the Butovo (VIII-VI millennium BC) (Volga-Oka interfluve) and Upper Volga cultures (VI-III thousand years BC) (upper and middle Volga region) . They were already using bows and arrows as weapons. In the later stages there is a transition to the Sub-Neolithic, as they begin to master ceramics. Important clarifications in the studies of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (archaeologists, anthropologists, cultural scientists, linguists and other specialists) are made by genogeographers who study the distribution of male and female gallogroups.

In the Neolithic era, the forests of the European part of Russia were inhabited by Mongoloid hunters of the Lyalovo (Volga-Oka interfluve) and pit-comb culture (4200-2000 BC) (northwest Russia), who were replaced by the Volosovo culture (2200-1500 BC ) (central Russia and Volga region). In the 5th millennium BC, the steppes of the Don-Volga interfluve in the Neolithic were inhabited by the Proto-Indo-European peoples of the Khvalynsk culture (North Caucasus and Middle Volga region) (relatives of the Srednegostov culture from the Azov region). They have already domesticated the horse and are smelting copper. They are replaced by the Yamnaya (southern part of the East European Plain) (3600-2300 BC) and Srubnaya (zone between the Dnieper and the Urals) cultures. In the east, Indo-European peoples reached the territory of Southern Siberia as early as the 3rd millennium BC (Afanasyevskaya culture in Altai and in the Khakass-Minusinsk basin). The proto-city of Arkaim (in the Chelyabinsk region) became an important center of the Indo-European peoples.

The territory of Russia in the Neolithic era. The Pit-Comb Ware culture is indicated in purple.

According to some versions of the concept, prehistoric Russia since the Bronze Age is characterized by the so-called struggle of the “Finnish” Forest and the “Aryan” Steppe. The peoples of the Fatyanovo culture (3200-2300 BC) (Central Russia) invaded from the west, and the Abashevskaya culture (from Kaluga to Bashkiria) from the south. The first did not leave direct heirs, and the symbiosis with the second gave birth to the Gorodets culture (Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Samara, Saratov, Tambov and Lipetsk regions, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia) of the Herodotus fissagets (or tissagets, see map). To the northwest of it, the “Finnish” Dyakovo culture was formed (Moscow, Tver, Vologda, Vladimir, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions), the direct descendants of which are considered to be the historical Merya peoples (Vladimirov, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Moscow, Tver, Vologda and Kostroma regions) , Muroma (lower reaches of the Oka) and all (between lakes Nevo, Onega and Beloe) (Vepsians living in Karelia, Vologda and Leningrad regions). At the current level of science, unambiguous ethnic connections of the above cultures - like any archaeological cultures, especially in regions of constant migration - are impossible. In the extreme west of Russia, from the local variant of the Timber culture (Pozdnyakovskaya culture (Oka, Klyazma, middle right bank Volga region) the Proto-Balt Bondarikha culture is formed (from the Dnieper and Seversky Donets to the Don and middle Oka), on the basis of which the Yukhnovskaya (Bryansk, Kursk and Oryol regions) is formed ) Herodotus Boudin culture (see map).

Settlement of tribes according to Herodotus

Ancient Greek colonies in the Northern Black Sea region.

In ancient times, the political structure of the Greek colony-cities in the Northern Black Sea region was close to the structure of the metropolises. Locals engaged in agriculture, fishing, crafts and trade. Through the colonies, grain and hides were exported from Scythia to Greece; in return, mainly ceramics, wine, and olive oil were imported. On the territory of the Rostov region, at the mouth of the Don River, was the city of Tanais, the northernmost point of ancient Greek civilization. It was founded in the 3rd century BC by Greek immigrants from the Bosporan kingdom, on the right bank of the then main branch of the mouth of the Tanais River (now Don) - the Dead Donets, after which the city received its name. For many centuries, Tanais was a major economic, political and cultural center of the Don region - Azov region. The Greek geographer Strabo calls it second after Panticapaeum, marketplace barbarians. Ancient geographers and historians drew the border between Europe and Asia from Tanais. The city gradually acquired features characteristic of the lifestyle of local tribes. Tanais fought for independence from the Bosporan rulers. In 237 the city was destroyed by the Goths. Restored 140 years later by the Sarmatians, Tanais gradually turned into a center of agricultural and craft production, and at the beginning of the 5th century it fell into disrepair. Nearby was the Elizabethan settlement of the Meotian tribe (IV-I centuries BC), as well as the small colonies of Navaris, Paniardis, Patarva and Kremny.

On the territory of the modern Krasnodar Territory there were cities: Phanagoria, Hermonassa, Kepi and smaller colonies - Korkondama, Patreus, Achillius, Cimmerium, Bata, Labrit, Gorgippia, Torik and Pagry. The largest city was Phanagoria on the shores of the Kerch Strait. Second after Panticapaeum, the Asian capital of the Bosporan kingdom. Later she was part of Byzantine Empire, Khazar Khaganate. The ancients believed that Phanagoria was founded on the island of the now defunct Corocondamite archipelago around 543 BC by immigrants from the Greek island of Theos, who were driven off the island by the Persians. The area of ​​the city is about 75 hectares. The economic well-being of Phanagoria was based on the grain trade with the Scythians and the Maeotian tribes of the Sinds. At the beginning of the 4th century BC, Phanagoria, as part of the Sindian lands, became part of the Bosporan kingdom. Later, Phanagoria was part of Rome (as Agrippa), the Huns, Great Bulgaria, Byzantium, and the Khazar Khaganate. In the 10th century, Phanagoria was abandoned due to the influence of natural factors - rising sea levels and the entry of Kuban riverbeds. No later than the 6th century BC, the city of Hermonassa arose, which, under different names and under the rule of different peoples, has existed almost to this day (the village of Taman). Together with the lands of the Sinds, like Phanagoria, in the 4th century BC it became part of the Bosporan kingdom. Initially, this area was the place of residence of the Meotians-Sindians, and the city may have had dual – Greek-Sindian – subordination. In the first centuries of our era, trade relations between the Bosporus and the Alan tribes were conducted through Hermonassa. According to one version, the city was founded by the Aeolian Greeks under the leadership of Semander from Mytilene, and after his death, his widow Hermonassa began to rule the city, after whom the city was named. According to another version, the city was founded by the Ionian Greeks, under the leadership of Hermon, after whom the city was named. Later, as part of Khazaria, Rus', the lands of the Tatars and Genoese, Turkey, Russia. The city of Kepa was founded by immigrants from Greek Miletus in the 580-570s BC, which existed until the 4th century.

On the territory of the modern Republic of Crimea there were the following cities: Panticapaeum, Kerkentida, Tauric Chersonesus, Kalos-Lymen, Feodosia, Nymphaeum, Tiritaka, Mirmekiy, Cimmeric, Acre, Kitey, Porfmiy, as well as. Heraclius, Zeno Chersonese, Parthenius, Ilurat, Kazeka, Pallakios, Khabaei, Napitus, Scythian Naples and others. The main ones were Panticapaeum,

Ukraine. Ancient places (VII-IV centuries BC)

Greek colonial cities in the Northern Black Sea region

– Open your notebooks, write down today’s date – today is __.09.2011, “Cool work”, make a big heading “Population of the Russian Federation” and the topic of the lesson: “Historical features of the settlement and development of the territory of Russia.” (The board is completed before the lesson starts)

So, let's go back to 862 - the year of the formation of the ancient Russian state, which 20 years after the founding of Kyiv, became known as Kievan Rus. The first people of our state lived here (show on the map). Open your atlases on pages 4 – 5 “Administrative Map of Russia”. Find the city of Kyiv. Which state is it the capital of? (Ukraine) It was from here that the people who made up the modern population of Russia began to settle. Over time, they began to settle in neighboring lands, but not at random, but settled in a kind of meridional strip - a strip along rivers and lakes (show on the map) - to the north is Lake Ilmen, the Volkhov River, Lake Ladoga and the Neva River, and to the south – Western Dvina and Dnieper rivers. Find these geographical features on the map: Lake Ilmen, Volkhov River, Lake Ladoga, Neva River, Western Dvina River, Dnieper River. Why do you think the inhabitants of Kievan Rus began to settle in this way? They settled along the trade route, which was called “from to the Greeks.” Who are the Varangians? (Settlers from the Baltic region). And the Greeks? (They live in Greece (the state appeared there back in 776 BC). This route (sea and river) from the Baltic Sea through Eastern Europe (showing on the map) brought iron, weapons, artistic products, and also items looted in Western Europe (French wines, jewelry, fabrics, etc.); and from Byzantium, wines, spices, jewelry and glassware, fabrics, icons, books were brought to the north. There's always a lot of money floating around, and everyone loves money. That's why people tried to settle closer to this trade route. Thus, the most ancient cities of Rus' were founded here (showing on the map) - we look at the wall map and look for it in our atlases - Kiev, Velikiy. Novgorod, Smolensk, Pskov. Let’s note this in our notebooks. Make the heading “Areas of settlement of the Eastern Slavs.” 1. Meridional strip - along the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” What cities did you write down? Kyiv, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Pskov).

The second area is the interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers (shown on the map) with also ancient cities (look at the atlases) - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov the Great. Let's write in notebooks: “2. Interfluve of the Oka and Volga rivers." Write down the cities yourself. What cities were recorded? (Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov the Great).

– As you can see from the map, the ancient inhabitants began to move further from the meridional strip not to the south, but to the north. Why do you think? (There were ravaging nomadic tribes in the south)

– Since then, the territory of our state began to gradually increase, mainly in the northern and northeastern directions. For example, the capital of our today’s state, the city of Moscow, was founded... In what year? (1147) ... by this moment the territory of our state looked like this (show on the map). You can see it on the map in the textbook on page 24. - fig. 6. “Formation of the territory of the Russian state.” But only 3 million people lived on this fairly large territory. You cannot give an example of a single country with a similar situation; it simply does not exist in the world.

Well, then, from the XIII to the XV centuries. our state was under the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and not only to make any conquests, then it was impossible even to maintain an army. Only when the yoke fell and the Golden Horde weakened did the further growth of the territory of our Motherland begin. Thanks to the successful campaigns of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, Kazan was taken in 1552, find it in the atlases (the Kazan Khanate fell) and in 1556, Astrakhan was taken, find it (the Astrakhan Khanate fell). Roughly speaking, the entire modern Volga region became part of Russia, with all the people living here. The population of our state has doubled.

The same Ivan the Terrible, in 1580, sent Ermak Timofeevich with the Cossacks to conquer Siberia, as a result of which by the end of the 16th century. Almost all of Western Siberia (shown on the map) was completely annexed to Russia. The conditions here are harsh, which is why very few people lived here, only 2 million people. - a third of the population of our state at that time.

– This was the expansion of our state in the northern and eastern directions. Further, it is replaced by the southern direction. And there was the Wild Field - a steppe in which no one lived, because nomads regularly raided here - if earlier it was the Pechenegs, then from the 11th century. they were replaced by the Polovtsians. The construction of serifs helped to solve this problem to some extent. We have a museum in our city, which is called “Simbirsk notch line”, because our city was one of the important guard points on the border of our state. In the end, the Russian army defeated all the nomads, and they no longer encroached on the territory of our state.

– The southern direction is being replaced by the eastern direction again. In 1639, Ivan Moskvitin’s detachment reached the Pacific Ocean. This entire (shown on the map) vast vast territory becomes ours. The territory of our state is increasing almost double, and the population is again only by 2 million - this is already a fourth part.

Nothing further would have happened in this direction if in 1860 the Russian Cossacks had not entered northern Manchuria and raised the Russian flag. At that time, this meant the annexation of new lands. But then the Chinese turn to our sovereign, Alexander II, and say that Northern Manchuria is their land. To which our Emperor Alexander II replied that where the Russian flag was raised, it would never be lowered. Thus, the Far East and Primorye became part of the Russian Empire.

– In 1703, one of the most significant events in Russian history and geography took place. Which? The city of St. Petersburg was founded, the coast of the Gulf of Finland was annexed to Russia (show on the map). Also during the 18th century. were annexed to Russia (show on map) (look in our atlases): Ciscaucasia, northern sparsely populated areas of modern Kazakhstan; and as a result of the victory over Turkey in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828 - 1829. The coasts of the Black and Azov seas and the Crimean peninsula were transferred to Russia. As a result of such conquests, the territory of our state increased 3 times, and the population - 6 times.

By the end of the 19th century. were annexed to the territory of the Russian Empire (showing on the map) look at the atlas: Finland, the Baltic states, the territory of modern Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Approximately within these same borders existed the first socialist state in the world - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. By that time, the area of ​​the state had increased slightly, but the population had doubled.

But there were not only moments of glorious conquests, but, alas, also losses of territories, and with them, residents valuable to the state. Thus, in 1867, Alexander III sold Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million (show on map). During the Russian-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905, in which we lost, we lost the Kuril Islands and the south of the island. (show on map). Which we got back by defeating Japan in World War II.

Well, in 1991 the saddest event happened - the USSR collapsed, which means we lost 5.3 million km² - a quarter of what we had. And if you look at the population, we lost 150 million people. - this is more than the modern population of Russia - almost exactly half of what it was then.