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Overlapping of the house on wooden beams length. Interfloor overlapping on wooden beams - device and fastening. The choice of material for beams and heat-waterproofing raw materials

In the construction of private low-rise buildings, wooden floors are mainly used.. The use of wood does not make the structure heavier and allows you to do without the use of equipment. Installation of wooden floors between floors in a brick house will help to significantly save on strengthening the foundation. In addition, the tree has good strength, durability, and also helps to maintain a favorable microclimate in the room.

Advantages and disadvantages of using wood

The positive aspect of using a wooden floor is the ease of installation and the excellent qualities of the material:

environmental friendliness;
thermal insulation;
decorative.

Among the disadvantages of wood can be noted:

tendency to damage by microorganisms, fungi, pests;
decay and destruction;
poor quality material can be deformed, sag, and if the installation rules are violated and the floor does not fit snugly, it will creak and oscillate.

Floor mounting materials

Popular cover option

For the manufacture of beams for the ceiling between floors, only coniferous types of wood are used.. They have higher bending strength than hardwood species. Pre-bar or logs for beams are dried in the shade in the open air. Wood that is completely ready for use should make a certain sound when tapped. Floor beams must be tightly fixed in the nests brickwork. Beams from a bar or a log with a section from 50 to 150 mm and 140 to 240 mm are used. The step of the beams corresponds to approximately 0.6-1.0 meters.

The ratio of the cross section of beams and the distance between them

Also used for overlays.:

planed tongue-and-groove boards for the floor on the second floor;
board for the subfloor of the second floor;
cranial bars 50x50 mm for attaching to the bottom of the beams;
insulation (fibrous thermal insulation);
hydro vapor barrier film;
decorative coating on the floor and ceiling;
antiseptic for wood, bituminous mastic, roofing material.

Wood floor device

The laying of floor beams in a brick house is carried out at the stage of its construction. The depth of the nest should be at least half the thickness of the wall. It can be made through with further sealing with insulation. All other work is carried out before the start finishing works. The load on the floor slab is calculated in advance, the laying step and the dimensions of the required beams are determined. The use of wooden beams for floors is possible only in a house where the span is no more than five to six meters..

Beam installation principle

You can also make the placement of beams by laying them on brick pillars. However, they should be installed at short intervals. This method is more often used when equipping the ceilings of the basement.

Laying beams

Laying begins with the extreme beams, leveling them with the help of linings treated with mastic and a long plank placed on edge. Intermediate elements are equal to the board laid on the extreme beams.

The wood is pre-treated with an antiseptic and dried thoroughly.. The wide sides of the beams when laying should be vertical - this increases their rigidity. The ends of the beams are cut at an acute angle, smeared with mastic and wrapped with two layers of roofing material.

Processed lintels are placed in niches, a layer of mineral wool is introduced into the formed recesses. Every third beam should be reinforced with anchors. With the help of a stretched cord, level maintenance is monitored. The step between the structural elements is no more than 1.5 meters.

Subfloor device

Hydro-vapor barrier (izospan) is overlapped on the ceilings and subfloor. The joints are sealed with tape. A fire-resistant insulation is laid on top of the film. It could be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, ecowool, expanded clay. The material must not protrude beyond the surface of the beams.

Insulated floor

The floor joists of the second floor are installed on top of the floors. It is advisable to lay an additional layer of mineral insulation between the lags in order to isolate the floor and ceiling from noise. Then the waterproofing film is laid.

Top floor device

The floor of the second floor is covered with a finishing board, plywood or drywall, and also strengthened with self-tapping screws. Then the floor covering is laid in the form of laminate, linoleum, tiles.

To properly make a "warm floor", you should use a foil film as a vapor barrier.

Connection of beams in length

If there are not enough beams for the entire span, then you need to make a connection:

Splicing - joining in length.
Rallying - combining in width.
Knitting - corner connection.

The principle of joining beams

Basically a lengthwise connection is required. There are several ways to do this:

overlay- beams are cut at an angle and connected with bolts, brackets or a clamp.
back to back- connection of beams overlaid with an emphasis on the internal wall partition.
Lock fastening- a complex connection method that requires certain skills. Its essence is that recesses and protrusions are cut out in the beams, which are then connected, securely fixing the device to each other.

Improving the bearing capacity of the floor

There are several ways to improve the bearing capacity of beams. One of the most popular methods is the fastening of overlays from thick boards to them.. At the same time, their endings must be supported by supports.

It is also used to improve the bearing capacity by strengthening the U-shaped channels. They are attached to the beams from the side.

The most elementary method to strengthen the overlap between floors is to lay additional beams in the gaps between the existing ones.. This is the most time-consuming, but very effective way.

In the houses of the former development, they did not save on materials, so the wooden beams were installed with a small step. And they are more than adequate. But even in such a house, the ceiling between floors should be checked to determine the condition of the beams. This will allow timely strengthening of weakened areas and replacement of damaged areas. The damaged fragment of the beams is removed, and the healthy wood is lengthened and strengthened by fastening the overlays from thick boards.

How to protect the floor between floors

It is not enough just to build a house correctly, it is necessary that no problems arise during operation. To do this, even at the design stage, all factors contributing to its durability and protection are taken into account. building structures. Equally important is the solution of two problems - protection from fire and biological influence of the environment.

According to combustibility, materials are divided into five categories, ranging from highly combustible to non-combustible. Structures made of various materials are distinguished by their ability to prevent the spread of fire. Flame retardant properties - completely excluding the spread of fire and semi-flammable - capable of delaying its spread for some time. It should be noted that flammability is not the same as fire resistance. Fire resistance is understood as the property of a structure or material to preserve load-bearing and enclosing functions in case of fire.

Protection against fire, fungus and insects

For this purpose, the wood is treated with fire-resistant solutions to ensure fire resistance for at least 30 minutes under experimental conditions. In residential construction, the design of the second floor floor structure must have at least semi-fire-resistant properties.

When drafting ceilings, it should be borne in mind that the beams are exposed to fire not only from the bottom side, but also from the sides.

The burning rate of coniferous wood is 0.8 mm/min according to the resistance parameters. Taking into account fire resistance, a material with a cross section of 11 by 24 cm should be chosen, because with a beam height of 24 cm and a span width of 5.8 to 5.85 m, their width is increased to 120 mm or more.

The problem of protecting wooden structures from biological influences is also very relevant.:

water, which violates the structure of the tree and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.
molds, rot.
insects that cause damage to the structure of wood and rottenness.
ultraviolet light, which softens and darkens the wood.

Unlike other materials, wood is an environmentally friendly product, which is important for a living space. In addition, the wooden floor retains heat well in the house. There is now a trend towards a return to natural materials which used to be widely used. Means have already been created to effectively protect wood from harmful effects that worsen its performance.

The elements are interconnected in a certain way, and the design works as a whole.

Beam ceilings are classified according to the material of the beams. In modern low-rise housing construction, wooden, steel and special beams for cellular floor blocks are used - for a precast-monolithic version.

Option for the location of floor beams: a - type of floor; b - transfer of loads from floor beams to the wall; 7 - floor beams; 2 - bearing wall; 3 - non-bearing wall; 4 - plank floor or base for a clean floor (black floor boards); 5 - transfer of loads to the load-bearing wall

Interfloor ceiling on wooden beams

In our country, where there are many natural material- woods, wood is traditional building material. AT stone houses floors are often performed on wooden beams. Of course, wood is an environmentally friendly material, especially not treated to increase fire and bioresistance.

Contrary to popular belief about the fragility of wood, wooden floors with proper construction and proper operation last a long time.

It is interesting. An example is the houses of St. Petersburg, which were built when he was the Russian capital. Wooden floors have not only low-rise estates, but also six-, seven-story houses in the center of St. Petersburg, former tenement houses. For 200 years, in a damp climate, the houses have been standing without reconstruction and are a residential historical fund.

You can also use Moscow as an example. True, here the number of storeys of houses is mostly smaller, but the houses are also much older than the houses in St. Petersburg. Yes, in the old central regions In Moscow (for example, in the area of Rozhdestvenka St. and Kuznetsky Most, on the Boulevard Ring and other streets) houses are 300 or more years old, and not all of them have been reconstructed.

Of course, in those distant times, it was not timber that was laid, but logs, which, in comparison with timber, are a stronger and more durable building material.

Wooden beams are easy to manufacture and do not require complex mechanical equipment.

Material and parameters of wooden beams

As wooden beams, as a rule, timber is used. A beam is a log sawn from four sides. Made from coniferous wood. On small spans up to 2 m, boards 25, 32 or 40 mm thick can be laid, placed on edge and knocked together with nails - 2 or 3 boards each. Of course, logs can also be used as the most durable material: but in modern life this is justified only with a special design of the room, or with an appropriate finish of the ceiling and floor construction for such a ceiling.

The parameters of the beam sections depend on the size of the spans to be covered and the steps with which the beams are laid, as well as on the magnitude of the permanent and temporary loads perceived by the ceiling. Roughly, you can use the data in the table.

Name of material, parameters bxh*, mm	Span P, mm	Pitch W (no more), mm***	Name of material, parameters bхh*, mm	Span P, mm	Pitch W (no more), mm***
Beam 50x150			Beam 100x200
Beam 100x150			Beam 150x200
Beam 150x150			Beam 175x200
Beam 150x175			Beam 200x200
Beam175x175			Beam 200x250

* Data of the current range of lumber in accordance with GOST 24454-80*; timber length from 1 to 6.5 m with a gradation of 250 mm.

** In the section parameters, the smaller parameter b is the section width, the larger h is its height.

*** The calculation of the step includes a payload on the ceiling of 200 kgf/m 2 , the mass of wooden beams and a soundproofing layer of mineral wool boards with a density of 100 kg/m 3 . In the case of backfilling with expanded clay, the step is reduced by 20% (this approximation can only be taken for educational purposes, in practice a competent calculation is needed).

A feature of wooden beams is the fact that on large spans they guarantee the strength of the floor, but do not ensure the rigidity of the floor: the floor becomes "unsteady". In principle, the "unsteadiness" of the floor is checked by calculation, which is not always possible to do. Therefore, in order to eliminate the possible "fluctuation" of the floor, the beams are laid with a small step - 500 ... 600 mm, even if the strength calculation of the beams shows the possibility of a larger step. Otherwise, you need to apply lags (see below).

Laying out floor beams and embedding them into the wall

The length of the beams is selected depending on the size of the overlapped span. Beams, as a rule, are laid along the smallest span if the overlapped room is rectangular. If the room is square, then the direction of laying the beams does not matter. The fact is that all the walls of a stone house can be classified as load-bearing, as they are strong enough to withstand the load from wooden beams.

The figure shows an example of the layout of wooden floor beams. The parameters of the beams are selected depending on the spans and steps. The section between the coordination axes A/2 and B is interesting. To form the floor, two auxiliary beams with a section of 150x150 mm are introduced here, on which beams with a section of 100 x 150 mm are supported. To reach one floor level, the auxiliary beams are embedded in the load-bearing walls below the rest to the height of their section, i.e. by 150 mm.

Also, perhaps, it is necessary to explain why a small span between axes 3 and 4 is covered with beams 150x150 mm? In fact, these beams cover a six-meter span between axes 1 and 4, and the load-bearing wall along axis 3 serves as an additional support for the beams. But, of course, you can also prepare separately beams for spans 1-3-4.

The attentive reader, of course, noticed that the step of the beams is not always subject to the modulus. Why this subordination is not necessary, we will see when we study the composition of the layers of interbeam filling. In addition, here the steps are shown without regard to the specific material of the walls in which the niches for the beams will be arranged, and this may somewhat, slightly, affect the size of the steps.

An example of the layout of floor beams

The beams are laid in niches specially prepared during the laying process in the wall. To ensure reliable and durable support, the depth of embedding the beam in a brick or any other stone wall must be at least 150 mm. The depth of the niche is determined in such a way as to ensure the depth of the beam embedded in the wall and leave a certain air gap (20 ... 30 mm), which excludes the contact of the tree with the stone back wall of the niche. In addition, an air gap will help prevent wood decay if air is allowed into the niche.

The niche is not filled with anything if the wall structure contains an insulating layer on the outside. In the event that no insulation is included in the wall structure (for example, the wall is built of ceramic stone, and the thermal protection of such a wall is provided), the niche can be a conductor of cold, since the remaining wall thickness is not enough here. Then in a niche we can get freezing and moisture condensation. To prevent this, the niche is filled with heat-insulating material. Expanded polystyrene is preferred as such a material, since, having closed pores, it is not saturated with moisture, which warm air from the room can carry with it. Of course, expanded polystyrene refers to combustible materials, but we are talking about wooden floors, in which, anyway, you need to be especially careful in terms of fire safety.

Embedding wooden beams into a wall: a - blind embedding of beams into an insulated wall; b - the same, into a wall without insulation and with the possible occurrence of cold bridges in a niche under the beam; c - open embedment of beams in inner wall; g - type of anchor; 1 - mounting foam (preferably) or mortar; 2- anchor; 3 - wooden beam; 4 - beam antiseptic zone; 5 - the end of the beam wrapped with roofing felt; 6 - antiseptic board 32 mm thick (preferred) or several layers of roofing; 7- effective insulation.

Do not wrap the insulation with a film or place, say, in a plastic bag. This can lead to condensation in the closed space of the bag and, subsequently, to poor performance of the insulation; as a result - freezing of the wall.

The ends of the beams before laying on the wall are sawn off at an angle of about 60 ° ... 70 ° and treated with an antiseptic material. It will be reliable to wrap the ends of the beams with roofing felt or roofing material (roofing felt is preferable), but the ends of the beams are not covered to provide air access to the tree through its end part. A less reliable solution is not to wrap the beam with roofing paper, but then it is necessary to lay the beam on an insulating substrate: the same roofing felt, roofing material or a piece of antiseptic board to prevent contact between wood and wall stone. Otherwise, the wood will rot. An even more reliable option is to combine the wrapping of the beam and the substrate, as shown in the figure.

It is well known that wood lasts a long time if it remains dry and ventilated. To keep the tree dry, it is advisable to seal the gaps formed around the beam with mounting foam. Mounting foam, "closing up" the upper pores of the tree, well protects it from the effects of moisture from the room, but, at the same time, allows air to penetrate through the micropores into the niche. If you are not too lazy and put the boards not only in the lower part of the niche, but also overlay the entire niche around the beam with boards soaked in tar (as in modern world you can’t get tar, then an antiseptic will do), then the beams will stand for more than one century. This is how niches are prepared in Moscow houses built 300 years ago and still pleasing us.

It is interesting. And how did they cope with the decay of the tree in ancient times? After all, then there were no modern antiseptic compounds. It turns out that soot is an excellent natural antiseptic, as well as a specific “lacquer” that protects wood from moisture and fungus. She processed the beams.

A niche sealed with one or another material is called a blind seal, this is a common solution. Less commonly, they make an open seal, which involves not filling the gap between the beam and the wall with anything. Here, the savings in materials and labor costs are small, but the sound insulation of the floor suffers.

When supporting the beams on the inner wall, the insulation under them must also be laid, and the ends of the beams must be antiseptic.

To connect the walls with the ceiling, as well as to ensure the rigidity of the building, the beams in the niche must be fixed. The point is that the walls two-storey houses reach a height of seven or more meters, connecting only in the corners. If rigidity is not provided, the wall can go out of its plane with all the ensuing consequences. Anchoring beams into the wall will help to make the spatial system of "wall-floor" rigid - the creation of horizontal disks of floors. This can be done using T-anchors cut from flat steel. One end of the anchor is nailed to the beam, the other end is driven into the masonry. The anchor is nailed to the top or bottom of the beam. Anchors are attached to each or through one beam.

The ends of the beams resting on the internal walls are interconnected by steel strips nailed on both sides of the beams.

It is interesting. Puffs have always been used for beam ceilings, even in large buildings. For example, today on the building of the Trekhgornaya Manufactory factory, built at the end of the 18th century, you can see how the puff anchors go out onto the facade.

The figure shows the developed solution for the support unit of wooden beams on walls erected from aerated concrete or gas silicate blocks. As in the case of ceramic stone, the heat-shielding properties of aerated concrete make it possible not to insulate the wall. Therefore, a heater is laid in a niche.

Supporting wooden floor beams outer wall from aerated concrete blocks: 1 - aerated concrete main blocks; 2 - additional blocks; 3 - mineral wool insulation; 4- U-shaped blocks; 5- wrapped with roofing felt (preferably) or roofing felt end of the beam; 6 - wooden floor beam; 7- steel plate - connector (anchoring); 8 - dowel-screw; 9 - monolithic reinforced concrete belt.

Since the strength of aerated concrete blocks is lower than that of bricks, a monolithic reinforced concrete belt is prepared under the beam - it will take the load from the ceiling. Insulation and reinforced concrete belt are laid in a cavity formed by special U-shaped blocks. The end of the beam entering the niche is antiseptic and wrapped with roofing material, roofing felt, etc.

Beams are anchored using a sheet strip bent at a right angle - a connector, which is fixed to the beam and reinforced concrete belt with dowel screws.

This solution can be supplemented with those actions and elements that we spoke about in such detail when considering the figure.

Inter-beam filling in the design of the ceiling without the use of logs and with logs

Inter-beam filling is inherently enclosing and contains layers and elements, each of which performs certain functions.

Floor construction without the use of lag

The floor structure without the use of a log is suitable only if the beam spacing does not exceed 500 ... 600 mm. Otherwise, with a larger step, the rigidity of the floor will not be ensured, the floor becomes “unsteady”, bends.

The layout plan for beams and subfloor boards is shown in the figure. Let's dissect the overlap and analyze the purpose of each layer.

The main one, of course, is the soundproofing layer. Sound-absorbing material is suitable for it, which is also used as a heat-insulating material: polystyrene foam, polystyrene, etc. or mineral wool. I must say that mineral wool is preferable: it belongs to non-combustible materials. The advantages of mineral wool include the fact that rodents are afraid of it, and in foam plastics they easily and with pleasure gnaw through passages and make holes. However, all these materials are not particularly effective as soundproofing, since their mass is small: for example, the mass of a layer of mineral wool or polystyrene foam 10 cm thick is only 4 ... 10 kg / m 2. And we remember that by gaining mass of the structure, the issue of sound insulation is solved.

Things are better if you fill up with environmentally friendly material - expanded clay: it is not combustible, non-toxic. But even his mass is small: a layer of expanded clay with a thickness of 10 cm has a mass of 70 kg / m2. Sound insulation increases significantly when sand is used: the mass of a layer of 10 cm is 200 kg / m 2. We will achieve the greatest effect if we fill the inter-beam volume as follows: pour sand down, and put mineral wool or polystyrene foam on it. To separate the layers, we put geotextiles. In this way we will create a layered structure, and all layered structures absorb sound better than single-layer ones.

Soundproofing material is placed on a wooden flooring, fixed on cranial bars, lined with beams. Section of bars, 30x40, 40x50 and 50x50 mm; it depends on the mass of the soundproofing material: the heavier it is, the larger the cross section. This is clear. To prevent the sound insulation layer from crumbling, some kind of rolled material (PVC film, roofing material, glassine, roofing paper, sack paper, etc.) is laid on the wooden flooring. Types of flooring are shown in the figure.

The design of the interfloor ceiling on wooden beams without the use of logs: a - layout of beams and subfloor boards; b - type of overlap; in-e- composition beam overlap layers; c - floor structure with a soundproofing layer of effective insulation; g - the same, from expanded clay; d - the same, from sand; e - two-layer sound insulation; g - shield reel; h, i - views decking; 1 - clean floor construction; 2 - black floor boards; 3 - soundproof elastic layer (for example, three layers of roofing material); 4 - rolled material that protects the inter-beam filling from scree, debris (for example, glassine); 5- effective insulation (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene); 6- expanded clay; 7- sand; 8- geotextile; 9-beam ceiling; 10-skull bar 30x40, 40x50 or 50x50 mm; 11 - ceiling decoration; 12 - floor boards; 13 - rolled material (roofing felt, roofing material, PVC or polyethylene film, etc.); 14 - rolling boards; 15- rolling bar; 16 - flooring slab; 17-plinth.

The design of the interfloor ceiling on wooden beams using a log: a - a diagram of the layout of beams, logs and subfloor boards; b - type of overlap; c - overlapping lag connection; g - butt-joint lag; e - floor construction with a soundproofing layer of effective insulation; e - the same, from expanded clay; g - the same, from sand; h - two-layer sound insulation; 1 - clean floor construction (conditionally shown); 2 - black floor boards; 3 - lag 50x75 mm, laid flat; 4-roll material that protects the inter-beam filling from scree, debris (glassine, roofing paper); 5 - effective insulation (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene); 6- expanded clay; 7- sand; soundproof elastic layer; 9 - geotextile; 10- floor beam; 11- ceiling decoration; 12 - cranial bar 30x40.40x50 or 50x50 mm; 13 - flooring boards; 14 - roll material (roofing felt, roofing material, PVC or polyethylene film, etc.); 15 - plywood or plank lining.

To support the inter-beam filling, a shield roll is also suitable. Fragments of the shield roll are prepared in advance, and then they are laid with support bars on the cranial bars; what it looks like is shown in the figure.

Further, subfloor boards are laid along the beams, which will subsequently serve as the basis for the construction of a clean floor. For the subfloor, low-grade boards are taken, their thickness is 25 or 32 mm. To eliminate the sound bridge that occurs from the shock wave, a soundproof lining is laid between the beam and the subfloor boards, for example, several layers of roofing material, roofing felt, or other elastic material. On the beams, flooring from clean floor boards is possible, but this option is not suitable for expensive flooring.

The figure shows another material - glassine, tar paper, laid on top of a layer of sound insulation. His functional purpose is to protect the inter-beam infill from debris or damage during construction.

Floor construction using lag

As can be seen from the table, the step of the beams and their cross section are interrelated values: the more powerful the beams, the greater the step they can be laid. This is good, because the labor intensity decreases when embedding beams in niches. However, with a beam spacing exceeding 600 mm, floor rigidity will not be ensured.

Logs will help to increase the rigidity of the floor - boards with a section of 50x75 or 50x100 mm. Logs are laid flat across the beams or placed on edge, and black floor boards are laid on them, perpendicular to them. The connection between the logs should be made at the point of support on the beam - overlap or butt. The fastening element is a plywood or metal lining.

The design of the floor with lags and shield roll: a - type of floor; b - type and parameters of shield run-up; 1 - black floor boards; 2 - logs laid flat; 3 - soundproofing layer; 4 - roll material; 5 - bar of shield rolling; 6 - shield boards; 7- nails for fastening the cranial bar; 8 - cranial bar; 9 - beam; 10 - elastic material to eliminate the sound bridge.

The inter-beam filling is the same as in the design without a lag. At the same time, the lag also has another purpose: due to the increase in the height of the inter-beam space, it fits large quantity or thicker layers of soundproofing material. Soundproofing layers are laid on the flooring or shield roll.

Logs are arranged in increments of 400 ... 600 mm; at the same time, the regularity is observed: the larger the step of the beams, the smaller the step of the lag.

The logs are adjacent to the wall, but they are not embedded in the wall.

Supporting wooden beams on vertical supports

With a frame or combined structural system, floor beams are supported by free-standing supports: racks, columns, poles.

If it is necessary to connect the beams, it is necessary that the docking point is above the vertical support. If the supports are wooden, then the beams are attached to the supports with nails hammered at an angle and connected with brackets. Fastening can be done using plywood pads, which are fastened on both sides of the butt-joined beams. Various metal attachment points are also used, such as those shown in the figure. For round racks, the support area of \u200b\u200bthe beams may not be enough, then the lower faces of the butt-joined beams are bolted to a metal plate.

Logs are also joined above the supports.

Supporting wooden beams on free-standing supports and methods for their connection: a - supporting the beam on the support; b - connecting the beams with a plywood gusset; in - the same, with the help metal parts; g - beam support on a round post; 1 - beam; 2 - support; 3 - plywood gusset; 4 - detail of the metal fastening; 5 - metal platform of the column.

Interfloor ceiling on steel beams

Steel beams are stronger and more durable than wood beams. It is also fair to attribute to their advantages the ability to cover large spans - up to 7 ... 8 m. Such circumstances make steel beams more and more attractive in low-rise private housing construction, where there is a need for spacious rooms. Steel beams are widely used in the reconstruction of buildings.

It is interesting. In the Moscow Stalinist skyscrapers, and there are seven of them, as you know, the floors are reinforced concrete and with the use of steel beams. As surveys have shown, time has not damaged the floors, and they will stand for a very long time.

For steel beams, a rolled profile is suitable - I-beams, channels, corners.

The location of steel beams on the building plan is made from the same considerations as wooden beams. Therefore, the scheme shown in the figure is quite suitable for studying the nodes for embedding steel beams into the wall and inter-beam filling.

Embedding steel beams into the wall

Embedding beams in niches is similar to that in the case of wooden beams, but with some features.

Steel beams are embedded in niches specially prepared in the wall with a depth of 250 mm. To evenly distribute the forces, steel plates are laid under the beams, or the beams are laid on a distribution concrete pad. This technique also protects the wall of bricks or cellular blocks from crushing in the area where the beams are supported.

Embedding steel beams into the wall: a - an uninsulated niche, anchoring the beams with a steel strip or rod; b - insulated niche, anchoring beams with corners; c - embedding beams into a niche in the inner wall; g - view of an I-beam; 1 - symbol of the wall; 2 - cement-sand mortar; 3 - anchor - steel strip or rod; 4 - steel sheet to distribute the load from the beam; 5 - nabetonka with the same purpose; 6 - section "an I-beam; 7- I-beam; 8 - anchors - corners; 9 - effective insulation

The support depth of the steel beams must be at least 200 mm.

Finish a niche for the same reasons as in the case of wooden beams. If the niche device violates the heat-shielding properties of the wall, then a heater is laid between the back wall of the niche and the beam. In this case, the depth of the niche is calculated depending on the required thickness of the insulation.

Niche cavity close up cement-sand mortar. Unlike wooden beams, steel beams “feel good” when in contact with the mortar.

The beam is anchored into the wall using a metal anchor welded to the beam on one side and driven into the masonry on the other. In this case, the length of the bend must be at least 200 mm. For anchoring, corners welded to the beam from above and below and brought into the masonry will also fit.

The support of the beams on the inner wall, their anchoring and finishing of the niche is carried out in the same way as in the case of the outer walls.

Inter-beam filling

The step of the beams depends on the material of the inter-beam filling, namely the flooring on which the soundproofing layer is located.

Flooring- wooden shields. Shields are knocked down on the ground beforehand. Boards are knocked to the bottom of the bars, leaving the ends of the bars free. Then the bars with their free ends rest on the lower shelves of the I-beams, which play the role of cranial bars. The bars in the places of support on the beams are antiseptic.

Based on the characteristics of the work of the tree from which the flooring is knocked together, the step of the beams cannot exceed 2 m; the step of the beams is not subject to the module.

All other layers of inter-beam filling are the same as with wooden beams; the choice of the type of filling remains with the customer, who needs to be told all the pros and cons of this or that material.

To exclude contact with metal beams, subfloor boards must be insulated with wooden logs or some other insulating material. Logs are installed flat or on edge. The butt joint of the lag on the edge is made using a plywood gusset. For rigidity, a spacer is inserted between the lags. When overlapping, the logs go beyond the planes of the upper shelves of the beams. Spacers may also be needed here. Logs must be protected from contact with the metal of the beams; roofing felt, roofing felt, etc. are suitable for this.

Lags laid flat will allow you to slightly reduce the height of the ceiling.

The cross-sectional parameters of steel beams, as well as wooden beams, depend on the overlapped spans, steps, and loads. Approximate parameters of the section can be taken from the table.

The design of the interfloor ceiling on steel beams using shield roll: a - the composition of the layers of the floor structure; b - butt lag connection; in - the same, overlap; 1 - clean floor construction; 2 - black floor boards; 3 - logs 50x75, placed on edge; "/-roll material that protects the inter-beam filling from debris, scree; 5 - effective insulation; 6- expanded clay; 7- sand; 11 - steel I-beam No. 12 (only for this case study); 12 - a bar of shield rolling, based on the shelves of an I-beam; 13 - rolling boards; 14 - ceiling decoration; 15 - logs connected end-to-end; 16 - the same, overlapped; 17 - plywood gusset; 18- spacer.

Sections I-beams when using wooden shields

beam profile number*	Section hxb, mm**	beam profile number*	Cross section xb, mm**
№10B1	100x55	№16B1	157x82
№12B1	117x64	№18B1	177x91
№14B1	137x73	№20B1	200x100

* Data of the current range of rolled profile GOST 27772-88*.

*** The calculation of the step includes a payload on the ceiling of 200 kgf/m 2 , the mass of wooden panels and a soundproof layer of mineral wool boards with a density of 100 kg/m 3 . In the case of backfilling with expanded clay, the step is reduced by about 20%.

The advantage of this method is the use of wood - an affordable and inexpensive material. In addition, it is possible to lay beams with a small step, in which lags are not necessary to increase the rigidity of the floor. This will reduce the height of the overlap section.

However, this method is distinguished by high labor intensity and, as a result, an increase in construction time.

It is more convenient and more modern to use small-sized reinforced concrete slabs as flooring - PRTM. Especially it will be a good solution for the installation of ceilings in sanitary facilities, where leaks are possible. The type of plates PRTM is shown in the figure, and the name and their parameters are given in the table.

Parameters of small size slabs PRTM*

product name	Parameters lxbxh, mm	product name	Parameters lxbxh, mm	product name	Parameters lxbxh, mm	product name	Parameters lxbxh, mm
PRTM-1	1170x390x90	PRTM-4	1770x390x90	PRTM-7	2370x390x120	PRTM-10	2970x390x120
PRTM-2	1370x390x90	PRTM-5	1979x390x120	PRTM-8	2570x390x120	PRTM-11	3170x390x120
PRTM-3	1570x390x90	PRTM-6	2170x390x120	PRTM-9	2770x390x120	PRTM-12	3370x390x120
						PRTM-13	3570x390x120

The step of the beams cannot be taken arbitrarily, as in the case of a wooden deck: it will depend on the length of the slabs. Since the smallest slab has a length of 1170 mm (PRTM-1), then, accordingly, the smallest step of the beams will be 1.2 m. The mass of such a slab is only 65 kg, so the laying of these particular slabs is practiced in low-rise construction if it is not possible to use lifting and transport equipment.

An example of the layout of beams and slabs, as well as the composition of the layers of inter-beam filling are shown in the figure. Here the slabs are laid on the lower shelves of the beams. In this case, they are located ribs up. Plots that are not a multiple of the width of the slabs are monolithic.

Plates can also be laid on the upper shelves - ribs down.

Strictly speaking, PRTM slabs are able to take a significant load, which is clear from their name (designed for a heavy load). And to take the load, they are designed to be located with the ribs down. However, in a joist slab, the load falls on the beams, so we can put the slabs with the ribs up as an inter-beam filling.

A soundproof layer is laid on the PRTM boards. Then, since the step of the beams does not provide the rigidity of the subfloor, it is necessary to lay the logs. The lag step is the same as in the case of overlapping on wooden beams, i.e. 400...600 mm.

The parameters of the cross-section of the beams in the case of filling with PRTM slabs depend on the overlapped spans, steps and, of course, loads. Approximate parameters of the section can be taken from the table.

An example of a floor arrangement on steel beams using PRTM slabs: a - plan for laying out beams and PRTM slabs; b - type and parameters of the PRTM plate; 7 - I-beam No. 18 (only for this particular example); 2- plate P RTM-1; 3 - monolithic section; 4- channel No. 18; 5 - clean floor construction; 6 - black floor boards; 7-lags 50x75 laid flat; 8 - rolled material protecting the space between beams from scree; 9 - effective insulation; 10 - expanded clay; 11 - sand; 12 - soundproof elastic layer; 13- geotextile; 14-roll material (roofing felt, roofing material, PVC film, etc.); 15- ceiling decoration; 16 - metal mesh (when finishing the ceiling with plaster).

beam profile number*	Section hxb, mm**	beam profile number*	Section hxb, mm**
№12B1	117x64	№18B1	177x91
№14B1	137x73	№20B1	200x100
№16B1	157x82	№23B1	230x110

* Data of the current range of rolled profile GOST 27777-88.

** Large value h - profile height, smaller b - I-beam flange width.

*** The calculation of the pitch included the payload on the ceiling of 200 kgf/m 2 , the weight of the PRTM boards and the soundproofing layer of mineral wool boards with a density of 100 kg/m 3 . In the case of backfilling with expanded clay, the step is reduced by about 20%.

When laying the slabs on the upper shelves of the beams, they are placed with the ribs down. No logs or black floor boards are needed here: the floor structure is arranged as if on a reinforced concrete slab (see the "Floors" section). Undoubtedly, this is the advantage of such a solution, and its imperfection is low sound insulation, compared with large-sized slabs: after all, the mass of the PRTM is small. We will be able to improve the soundproofing qualities if we fill the inter-beam volume accordingly. To form an inter-beam volume, either wooden shields are laid on the lower shelves of the beams, if there is no more than 2 m between the beams, or slabs - gypsum fiber, glass-magnesium, calcium sulfate and others offered by the construction market. Any soundproofing layer is chosen - from environmentally friendly sand and expanded clay to synthetic effective heaters.

This option does not require a graphical explanation, therefore, by compiling all the above solutions, you will be able to independently develop a section of the interbeam space.

Monolithic reinforced concrete slabs on steel beams

Instead of prefabricated technology - laying PRTM slabs - a monolithic reinforced concrete floor can be arranged on steel beams. In this case, the steel beam is either concreted or remains open. In the second case, the beams must be hidden false ceiling, in the first - at the request of the customer.

In both options, it is necessary to install the formwork on which concreting is carried out. Reinforcement and thickness of the slab section are determined by calculation. The resulting ribbed slab has rigid reinforcement in the ribs in the form of steel beams, and therefore this is the most durable floor. In low-rise housing construction, it is used, as a rule, for large spans in frame structural systems.

Attic floor in cold attic

The attic can be warm or cold.

In a cold attic, the roof is not insulated, and heating is not provided. To prevent cold air from such an attic from penetrating into the room under the attic, attic floor insulate.

However, from a residential warm attic space, to a greater or lesser extent, warm air still diffuses (penetrates) into the attic, carrying water vapor with it. The steam rises higher and, colliding with the cold inner surface of the roof, turns into condensate. Sometimes the drops of condensed moisture are so plentiful that, gathering in streams, they flow along the walls. Dampness, mold, fungus and other phenomena appear that worsen not only the humidity and sanitary conditions of the house, but also destroy the structures of walls and roofs. It is clear that this is unacceptable.

Measures to combat the appearance of condensate are different. First you need to reduce, and if possible, cut off the flow of steam into the volume of the attic. This is done with the help of vapor barrier materials laid from the side of the attic warm room, i.e. under the insulation. An attic that is not used as a living space does not require complete soundproofing and high-quality flooring, so some elements of the attic floor may not be laid in it. How one of the large design firms in Moscow solves this issue is shown in the figure.

If you want to make the attic floor the same as the interfloor one, you need to lay not any rolled material under the insulation (recall that in the usual interfloor floor it played the role of a barrier against scree of soundproofing material), namely vapor barrier.

If steam nevertheless penetrates through leaks in the structure or other ways, which most often happens, then constructive measures are taken: for example, air ducts are arranged to ventilate the roof, which will be discussed in the "Roofs" section.

At warm attic insulation is laid in the roof structure (more on this in the "Roofs" section), and the attic floor is not insulated.

Basement (basement) ceiling above a cold room

A cold room can be an unheated basement or basement. Here the situation is similar to that with a cold attic. Water vapor, rushing into a cold room, condenses on the walls of the basement (ground floor) and the lower surface of the ceiling facing the basement room. A damp cold room will be completely unsuitable for any purpose. Another danger: in a damp room, wooden beams will quickly rot, and steel ones will rust; this is the question of the wrong constructive solution, which reduces the durability of the overlap.

Normal operating conditions in the basement (ground floor) will be ensured if:

lay a vapor barrier layer from the side of the warm basement (above basement) premises, i.e. above the heater
make vents around the perimeter of the house, giving air access to the basement for ventilation, if the basement is not completely buried in the ground (the smallest vent size is one brick). The vents are sealed with nets, and for the winter, if necessary, they are covered with something, such as bricks or special plugs.

The device for overlapping on wooden beams above a cold room and ventilation of the room: 1 - a wooden floor beam; 2 - clean floor construction; 3 - black floor boards; 4- logs; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - thermal insulation; 7-roll vapor-permeable material; 8 - boardwalk; 9 - cranial bar; 10 - air; 11 - floor construction on the ground.

In the case of an underground floor, i.e. when the basement is completely buried in the ground, ventilation ducts must be removed. It's up to the question engineering equipment house, which is not discussed in this book.

Beam ceiling finish

Finishing the ceiling ceiling is made depending on the design idea. Before that, we studied drawings in which the beams are hidden by some kind of trim or filing. Suitable for finishing plaster, profiled natural board type "lining", gypsum boards ("dry plaster"), special finishing ceiling tiles etc.

As for steel beams, they are almost always closed, because there is no beauty in them, unless, of course, the house is made in a certain style.

However, wooden beams often want to emphasize. In such cases, the cranial bars are knocked to the beams to the desired height. Moreover, the cranial bars can also be shaped. Ordinary bars are hidden by filing.

When accepting this option for solving the ceiling, one should not forget that the volume between the beams will decrease here, and, consequently, the sound insulation of the ceiling will suffer.

A very simple option is not to arrange the inter-beam space at all and fill the floor boards directly onto the floor beams. For floors capital houses this method is apparently not suitable, but is good for temporary or low-key building purposes.

Ceilings between floors, basements or attics are structurally arranged according to two schemes - a beamless ceiling (based on the use of a monolithic slab), and a beam ceiling (wooden floor beams are used). They make ceilings to separate the interfloor premises, as well as to separate the rooms from the basement and attic. Beams can be made from various materials, such as wood, cast-in-situ reinforced concrete, or metal girders.

The installation of wooden floor beams allows you to solve the following problems:

achieve the required indicators of strength and rigidity of the overlap;

ensure that sound insulation and heat transfer resistance comply with the level required for energy saving;

maintain compliance with the established standards for vapor and air permeability.

The choice of beams for interfloor ceilings:

By type and type:

Timber floor beams. Most often, for the manufacture of beams, a rectangular beam is chosen. The height of the beam should be in the range of 140-240 mm, and the thickness should be 50-160 mm. In this case, the rule is observed: the thickness of the beam is at least 1/24 of its length. Professionals note that greater strength is inherent in a wooden beam with an aspect ratio of 7:5.

Log beams. More economical solution. The log has a high resistance to stress, but also low resistance to bending. The log is suitable for use only if it has been aged in dry conditions for at least one year.

Floor beams from boards. The use of the board leads to a reduction in the amount of lumber consumed for the flooring device. But, it is worth noting that in this case, the resistance of the ceiling to fire, durability and sound insulation are reduced. Usually the board is used in the construction of attic floors. To strengthen the boards, you can use the technique - to splice two boards together along the length. Then the total cross section will correspond to the load level. This design can withstand a load 2 times greater than a beam or two boards laid close to each other. In this case, fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws or nails fixed in a checkerboard pattern with a step of 20 cm.

2. Acquisition of timber, logs or lumber and its treatment with an antiseptic, fire-fighting, anti-fungal solution and biological protection.

3. Choice of the type of fastening of the beam to the wall.

Fastening wooden floor beams to the load-bearing wall is carried out in two ways:

wall mounting. The beam is embedded in the bearing wall to a depth of 150-200 mm.

At this method installation, the end of the beam must be cut at an angle of 60 °. To protect the ends of the beam, they need to be wrapped in two or three layers of roofing material. In this case, the end of the beam remains open, and it should not rest against the wall. The presence of a gap of 20-25 mm. allow free air exchange. And the resulting niche (gap) is filled with mineral wool.

hanging method. In this case, the beams are fixed on the wall by means of metal plates.

4. Laying wooden floor beams

At this stage, beams of the desired length are prepared. The length depends on the mounting method. If the beam is inserted into the wall, then it is calculated as follows: the length of the room plus 300-400 mm. for wall mounting. If attached to the wall, then the length of the beam is equal to the length of the room.

The installation of wooden floor beams begins with the extreme beams. Each beam is checked building level. After that, the beams are fixed in the sockets of the wall using dry crushed stone.

When the beams are set exactly in level and the horizontal is checked, they can be concreted in the landing slots.

Conclusion

Wooden beams made using this technology will reliably serve you for several decades. However, in order to prolong its service life, it is necessary to process the wood and carry out periodic inspection to control their condition. If there are defects, repair (partial or complete replacement of damaged elements).

Insulation of the interfloor ceiling on wooden beams is a crucial part of the work: it is required to create a barrier to cold and reliable sound insulation of the premises, while preventing possible education drafts and mold on the ceilings.

Thermal insulation is required for a bridging between a cold basement and ground floor living quarters or between living quarters and an unheated attic. Floors between living spaces need soundproofing, and therefore the approach to solving problems will be different.

How to insulate the interfloor overlap to eliminate drafts, dampness and mold? From the point of view of building thermal physics, the insulation of an interfloor ceiling along wooden beams will be competent when the thermal insulation is located on the side of cold air.

Correct location layers in the floor structure repeats the principle of facade insulation: on the side of cold air inflow, a vapor barrier is placed, then a heater, another vapor barrier, then a slab or other supporting structure. The arrangement of the layers must ensure the release of water vapor to the outside.

But when it comes to specific wooden structures in a private house, there are difficulties of a constructive nature.

When insulating the attic floor, there are two of them: thermal insulation, sound insulation and waterproofing of the structure are required at the same time. In addition, it will be necessary to walk on the floor for periodic inspection and repairs of the roof. The "pie" of the interfloor overlap in this case will look like this:

A layer of material that can withstand occasional traffic.
Vapor permeable waterproofing.
Insulation.
Vapor barrier.
Basic structure.
Room ceiling.

Insulation of wooden floors above a cold basement requires the layers to be arranged in the reverse order:

Clean floor.
Vapor barrier.
Insulation.
Vapor barrier.
Basic structure.

ATTENTION: In the absence of a basement and the presence of a ventilated underground under the house, which often happens during the installation pile foundations, the insulation from below must be protected with a moisture-windproof membrane.

In order to fulfill all these conditions, a competent choice of materials is necessary.

Material selection

Insulation of floors on wooden beams can be performed by any of the types of heat-insulating materials:

Bulk (slag, expanded clay gravel).
Monolithic laying (lightweight concrete - expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, etc., foam).
Slab (slabs and mats from various materials of mineral and synthetic origin - from porous concrete "Velit", mineral wool, foam glass, expanded polystyrene).
Film.

In order to choose a heater, it is necessary to analyze their heat-insulating properties, volumetric weight and load-bearing structure the building itself.

As a rule, bulk and monolithic heaters with high thermal conductivity have an impressive weight and, in order to ensure the required heat transfer resistance of external enclosing structures, a thickness of, for example, expanded clay concrete backfill of 0.5 m will be required with a minimum volumetric weight of the material of 200 kg / m3, which is wooden beams may not endure. These heaters are more often chosen for interfloor ceilings on concrete slabs in brick houses.

The materials that are most in demand for insulation are mineral wool boards (from stone, basalt or glass wool) and expanded polystyrene. These materials have excellent characteristics:

thermal conductivity indicators from 0.33 to 0.42 W / (m × K);
low volumetric weight – from 10 kg/m3;
low water absorption;
high vapor permeability;
compression density from 70 kPa.

These indicators indicate the following:

insulation of interfloor ceilings along wooden beams will not require a thick layer of heat-insulating material;
load-bearing structures will not be overloaded;
the insulation, in the presence of proper vapor and waterproofing, will not accumulate moisture, which means it will last a long time and will
maintain comfortable conditions in the house;
during the repair will not collapse from the severity of the person.

No less important for the durability of the structure is the choice of vapor barrier materials. A significant number of them are offered in the construction markets. Before buying, you need to find out how this material works, and in the case of multilayer membranes, which side it should be adjacent to the insulation.

IMPORTANT: Polyethylene films, due to their short service life, brittleness and inelasticity, are unsuitable for use as vapor and waterproofing when insulating floors in wooden house.

We warm the attic floor on wooden beams

Insulation of the attic floor on wooden beams can be done in several ways. The choice depends on the distance between the beams and financial capabilities.

First way

The floor plan using mineral wool boards is as follows:

Work algorithm:

Preparation of beams - impregnation with flame retardant and fungicide, if necessary, reinforcement.
Attach a layer of vapor barrier to the lower edge of the beams with a crate.
Lay a layer of soft insulation between the beams - mineral wool mats.
Lay the second layer of insulation on the upper edge of the floor beams - rigid mineral wool boards with a laminated surface that can withstand limited walking.
Fuse a layer of waterproofing welded roofing material (Technoelast, Krovlyaelast, Bikrost, etc.) onto the slabs using a building hair dryer.
Attach a hemmed ceiling along the crate (drywall, OSB, chipboard, lining, etc.).

Second way

Work algorithm:

Beam preparation.
Using the crate, we attach the vapor barrier to the beams.
We lay the first layer of thermal insulation.
We mount wooden logs along the beams.
Between the lags we lay the second layer of heat-insulating material.
We mount the flooring from moisture-resistant chipboard, OSB or other material.

When laying the insulation plate, fix the foam on the mounting glue or glue. According to the second method, mineral wool boards can be replaced with polystyrene foam or foam plastic.

We insulate the ceiling of the first floor

Floor insulation in this case can also be done in several ways, the choice depends on design features at home. If there is a ventilated space under the ceiling, insulation can be performed according to the attic principle by changing the alternation of layers.

First way

Insulation of the floor of the first floor along the logs, with a cold underground, is as follows:

Work algorithm:

Beam preparation.
We fasten the cranial bar along the lower edge.
We fasten the black floor (boards, plywood, OSB, DSP, etc.) to the cranial bars with nails.
We lay a moisture-windproof membrane on top, attaching it to the beams through the counter rails.
We put a heater in the interbeam space.
Laying a clean floor.

Second way

The insulation of the floor above the cold basement differs from the previous method in small nuances, respectively, the algorithm for performing work does not change.

IMPORTANT: Before performing work, the tree must be protected from decay with antiseptic impregnations and fire retardants to make it fire resistant.

Conclusion

Properly executed floor insulation between floors on wooden beams is guaranteed to ensure the comfort of housing, eliminate drafts and the formation of fungus and mold. All work will not be difficult to perform by any homeowner who knows how to use a drill and a building level.

Compared to modern and traditional wood floors, there are a number of advantages worth considering.

The first is light weight: the wood from which beams, boards and plywood boards are made has a lower density, but at the same time withstands solid loads (residential buildings). In this regard, there is savings on the entire construction as a whole, since the walls can be taken with a smaller thickness, and the foundation can be taken to the depth of the laying (if the type of soil allows).

Further - ease of installation: wooden floors are produced (more precisely, they are assembled) by a team of carpenters without the use of bulky mechanisms and machines. Sometimes you can save a lot on materials and labor.

The design features of wooden floors are such that they make it possible to use a large number of heat/sound insulation materials. In addition, the finished floor is easier to finish (drywall is easy to sew on the ceiling, the floor does not require leveling with a cement-sand screed).

Below is a table of benefits wooden floor houses compared to concrete floors. Thus, the types of wooden floors listed below lose only in loads, which makes their use expedient in the construction of residential, especially private country houses erected from brick, foam block, wood.

Types of wooden floors of houses

Depending on the space-planning decision of the house, that is, the presence / absence of a basement in it, heated floors and their number, apply for various purposes types of wooden floors: basement, interfloor / mansard, attic.

Wooden floors differ in design in connection with the humidity and temperature conditions of the areas that they divide into floors.

If the next floor (or under-roof space) is planned to be taken under a residential area, like the previous one, then it is covered with interfloor ceilings.

Overlapping of the 1st floor , if there is a basement or basement under it - this is a wooden floor of the basement, also referred to as the basement.

Due to the difference in temperature and humidity of the premises, the structure includes layers of a vapor barrier, a heat-reflecting film and a reinforced heat-insulating layer.

If the floor is on the ground, then it is performed, or along the logs laid on a concrete pad.

Overlapping of residential floors and the attic has more simple design compared to all the others, since in the thickness of the structure (referred to as a “pie”) there is no need to use layers of special insulating materials (waterproofing, heat-reflecting foil, etc.); wooden elements do not need to be treated with special waterproofing impregnations.

Covering the last floor referred to as a wooden attic floor if the under-roof space is not equipped for housing.

The device of his "pie" contains various film materials and a reinforced layer of thermal insulation like a basement.

Here, however, higher temperatures act from below, and lower temperatures act from above.

Therefore, the materials are arranged in a different order than at the basement floor. What if pitched roof is not planned at all, then they cover the last floor with a coating slab designed for high climatic loads (it is not made of wood).

The construction of wooden floors of houses

The “stuffing” of the pie (inter-beam space) of a wooden floor refers to the floor device, however, the most important thing depends on the length of the floor and the requirements for loads on it - the design, pitch and location of the supporting elements, stiffeners.

Various board and panel decks are used, with different amount layers, special fasteners, as well as additional stiffeners if necessary. Additional processing of lumber is carried out, their splicing and shortening, etc. Let us consider what types of wooden floors are by design:

beam ceilings;
ribbed ceilings;
beam-ribbed ceilings.

They are distinguished by such characteristics as the maximum span length and the allowable design load. Strange as it may seem, but the basement, attic and interfloor flooring on wooden beams, the technology of which has existed for many years, is still considered the most reliable and durable. However, the cost of materials for the beam ceiling is the highest.

Ceilings on wooden beams or logs

Overlapping on beams or logs is the most ancient, traditional type of wooden floors, in which rectangular or square beams made of solid wood, laid in increments of 60-150 cm, were previously used as rigidity-bearing elements. Such ceilings on wooden beams or logs are arranged on stone or log walls.

Modern wooden floors are also made on beams made of glued plank and plywood. Rectangular section, they are solid and hollow (box-shaped), they can also have a log (round / oval) section or a complex I-section.

Beam to wall connection also looks different, depending on the design of the wall. If there are no corresponding technological holes in it, then to support the beam on wooden wall nests are punched to a depth of not less than 150 mm, most often - to 2/3 of the wall thickness. Each 3rd beam is fixed to the wall with anchor fasteners.

If there is a concrete strapping belt, then the beam is attached to it with the help of special brackets, brackets, anchors. Log walls are also matched with beams using staples on powerful screw fasteners.

The end of the beam itself is cut at 60 degrees, treated with waterproofing mastic and wrapped with waterproofing roll material to a depth in the wall plus 10 cm. The free space in the nest is sealed with mineral wool insulation.

Ceilings on wooden ribs

Boards 4-5 cm thick and 20-28 cm high are used as stiffeners. Modern design wooden floor of a lightly ribbed type contains a flooring that is laid on ribs that go in increments of up to 60 cm (30-60). Ribs are rectangular products made of solid or glued wood (an I-section is already beams), as well as from combined wood-metal T-shaped structures.

For additional rigidity of the structure, the ribs between themselves have a dressing, which is carried out with steel tape ties-bindings, or wooden jumper boards. These elements come with a step equal to the step of the ribs themselves (30-60 cm) with fasteners made of nails, self-tapping screws or fastening carbon steel elements (for wooden dressings).

The ribbed structure is designed for a maximum span of 5 m. It is considered most expedient to carry out such ceilings in houses built using wood-frame construction technology.

Edge to wall mate , if these are basement, attic and interfloor ceilings in a wooden house made using wood-frame technology, it takes place on the upper trim of the wall frame frame. In this case, the ribs are laid along the axis of the vertical racks, fastening to the lower trim is made with steel corners.

In the case of log walls, the connection is carried out similarly to beam / log structures, i.e. on steel mounting brackets attached to the log with powerful threaded fasteners.

FROM stone walls ribs are paired in the same way as in the case of beams / logs. However, in houses with capital (stone, block and log) walls, it is more advisable to carry out beam-ribbed structures, which will be discussed later.

Ceilings on beam-ribbed structures

The beam-and-rib construction, on which the wooden interfloor slab is laid, provides a span length of 15 m, like that of the slab along the beams. In this case, beams located in the structure with a large step, and ribs are installed perpendicularly between them. Interfacing with the beams is made with metal clamps, mounting brackets with powerful fasteners threaded elements.

Beam to wall connection produced, as in the beam ceiling, with the same types of walls (stone, block, log). For timber frame bearing walls the construction of a ribbed floor is suitable due to a more even distribution of the load and the lightness of the structure itself.

Thanks to this arrangement of beams and stiffeners, wooden floors between floors (and basement and attic floors) seem attractive from the point of view of saving materials. Consumption wooden elements somewhat less than in a beam ceiling with almost the same bearing capacity.

However, there is a very large consumption of labor and material of the mounting elements that mate the beams and ribs. Therefore, it is unlikely that it will be possible to save on material, and even more so at work.

The device of modern wooden floors of houses

Modern wooden floors differ not only structurally, in the location of load-bearing beams, ribs, types of fasteners. Updated norms and requirements for thermal insulation, sound insulation and other characteristics are now achieved by using new materials that form the construction of wooden floors in residential buildings.

So, for example, new fiberglass heat / sound insulators surpass the good old expanded clay in terms of heat and sound conservation coefficients at times. Modern polymeric roll materials which prevent condensation due to temperature differences. Different materials and their quantity are used for a particular floor:

basement (1st floor);
interfloor / attic;
attic.

Specially designed preparations in the form of wood impregnations allow for many years to protect the load-bearing elements of the floor from damage from various biological and physico-chemical factors (termites, fungus, moisture, fire, etc.). Therefore, we will consider further in detail the arrangement of the main types of wooden floors.

The device of the wooden floor of the basement (1st) floor

It is worth noting that basements can be equipped, that is, have the same temperature and humidity as in the premises of a residential ground floor. In this case, it happens that they build a wooden floor, the device of which is no different from the interfloor.

However, an equipped basement is not for everyone (if a cellar is planned in the basement) and affordable, because heating is expensive. Then an overlap is performed, the device of which is shown in the figure below.

the first floor contains a layer of rough boardwalk, which is laid on the so-called "cranial" bars. These are rectangular wood products (40x40, 50x50 mm), which are attached to the sides of the bar flush to the underside with screws or nails.

It is customary to fill the space between the beams heat-insulating material, previously it was expanded clay and wood shavings, now the insulation of the wooden floor is made with more efficient materials - extruded foam, rolled or slab glass wool. The larger the layer of heat insulator, the better; considered to be 10 cm modern material quite enough.

A layer of rolled vapor barrier material (usually a polymer film) is placed on top. Next are the logs (with a large step of the beams) and flooring from boards or plywood sheets, chipboard and the finishing floor covering (the so-called “clean floor”).

the first floor is different from the beam. To begin with, you can see that there is no boardwalk on the cranial bars, but there is a so-called "black ceiling", which was previously made of boards, now plywood, chipboard, and fiberboard sheets are more often used. They are fixed with screws to the ribs in increments of about 15 cm.

Thermal insulation, which is also sound insulation of a wooden floor, is located in the intercostal space, as close as possible to the ribs and other stiffeners passing across the ribs. Sometimes, to seal the gaps (when using a plate insulator), they are filled with mounting foam.

The vapor barrier film is laid on top, followed by sheathing with chipboard, fiberboard or plywood in 1-2 layers, or a boardwalk is used.

the first floor is similar to the previous one. It is important to note that the draft ceiling was previously made to improve heat / sound insulation, as well as the ability to fill the space with loose and weighty heat-insulating material. Now, some craftsmen do not perform a draft ceiling, and the insulation is laid on drywall hemmed in advance, which is not correct according to the technology.

The device of interfloor wooden flooring

In interfloor wooden floors, the most valuable quality is sound insulation, which provides coziness and comfort for residents. For this purpose, a variety of overlapping "pie" devices can be used. The maximum configurations in which a wooden floor can be made between floors contain many layers different materials, but if the budget is limited, then something has to be excluded in order to save money.

So, if the zones located on adjacent floors have approximately the same temperature and humidity, many do not lay vapor barrier layers. Additional treatment of wood with impregnations from moisture, microorganisms and pests may also seem superfluous. Consider several options for a wooden floor device.

The device of a wooden beam ceiling between floors most often contains a crate of logs, along which a black floor is made with sheets of fiberboard, chipboard, plywood. This is due to a rather large step of the beams (boards or sheets will burst from such a step) or the need to align the beams.

At the same time, the best device for interfloor overlapping: between the lags and beams, as well as the rough and clean floor, a rubber-cork underlay is often used, which absorbs noise and vibration from walking. If the slabs are laid on the floor in two layers, this layer can also be used between them.

If there is a lag, there may be a second layer of sound insulation located between them. As a sound insulation between the draft and finishing floor, there can also be a sound-proof layer in the form of 2-5 mm sheets of cork wood.

Ribbed wood flooring between floors is somewhat simpler: logs are not required, since the ribs are located with a small step. On the draft ceiling, a crate is made of a wooden or galvanized metal frame, after which it is sheathed with sheets of drywall.

From my own experience, we can say that in the case of wooden floors, it is better to apply and wooden crate under drywall, as the metal can ring when vibrations are transmitted from walking through the tree, as well as its deformation.

The device of beam-ribbed wooden floors between floors also does not require a lag and looks like a ribbed wooden floor.

Arrangement of an attic wooden floor

It is worth noting here that those who make wooden floors with their own hands often make a mistake, and a gross mistake. So, their location of the vapor barrier layer is no different from that in the basement wooden floor. The correct location is from below, on the reel (in the beam ceiling), or by pressing the ceiling crate to the ribs (in the beam-ribbed and ribbed ceiling).

A layer of waterproofing is sometimes laid on top to be safe from water ingress during leaks from the roofing. Roofing material cannot be used, since it is carcinogenic, therefore, rolled polymeric materials are used. In addition, the bearing elements themselves (beams / ribs) are treated with modern impregnations that prevent the occurrence of fungus, decay, etc.

In this article, we examined the device of the wooden floor itself, and as for the log, black and clean floor, this is already the device of a wooden floor over the floor. However, the lion's share of how to make a hardwood floor, we hope, revealed to you the contents of this article.